Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.
Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from PLANT PROTEINS which refers to non-dietary proteins from plants.
Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Basic functional unit of plants.
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Finger millet or raggee (E. coracana) is an important food grain in southern Asia and parts of Africa.
Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of two polypeptide chains, the toxic A subunit and a lectin B subunit, linked by disulfide bridges. The lectin portion binds to cell surfaces and facilitates transport into the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.
The parts of plants, including SEEDS.
A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.
A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.
Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.
Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.
Substances found in PLANTS that have antigenic activity.
A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.
A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Food and dietary formulations including elemental (chemically defined formula) diets, synthetic and semisynthetic diets, space diets, weight-reduction formulas, tube-feeding diets, complete liquid diets, and supplemental liquid and solid diets.
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
Proteins which are present in or isolated from SOYBEANS.
Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.
Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
Diseases of plants.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.
The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
The reproductive organs of plants.
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.
The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
The above-ground plant without the roots.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
Material prepared from plants.
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.
The act of feeding on plants by animals.
Units that convert some other form of energy into electrical energy.
The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.
Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Physiological functions characteristic of plants.
A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.
Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. It has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.
Knobbed structures formed from and attached to plant roots, especially of LEGUMES, which result from symbiotic infection by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as RHIZOBIUM or FRANKIA. Root nodules are structures related to MYCORRHIZAE formed by symbiotic associations with fungi.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The reproductive cells of plants.
Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
The failure of PLANTS to complete fertilization and obtain seed (SEEDS) as a result of defective POLLEN or ovules, or other aberrations. (Dict. of Plant Genet. and Mol. Biol., 1998)
A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).
The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
A class of organic compounds known as STEROLS or STEROIDS derived from plants.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.
A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.
A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually a green alga (CHLOROPHYTA). Irish moss is really a red alga (RHODOPHYTA). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both LICHENS and an air plant (TILLANDSIA usneoides) of the pineapple family. Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.
Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.
Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.
A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.
Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.
Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.
A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.
A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
An endosymbiont that is either a bacterium or fungus living part of its life in a plant. Endophytes can benefit host plants by preventing pathogenic organisms from colonizing them.
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A division of the plant kingdom. Bryophyta contains the subdivision, Musci, which contains the classes: Andreaeopsida, BRYOPSIDA, and SPHAGNOPSIDA.
Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).
The physical distribution of plants in various forms and stages of development through time and space.
A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.
Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.
A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.
Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).
Facilities that convert NUCLEAR ENERGY into electrical energy.
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.
A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.
A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes placed in Asparagaceae) that contains ECDYSTEROIDS and is an ingredient of Siotone. The shoots are used as a vegetable and the roots are used in FOLK MEDICINE.
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).
The study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from PLANTS, indigenous to populations or ETHNIC GROUPS.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash.
A genus herbs of the Asteraceae family. The SEEDS yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.
The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud.
A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS.
A genus of PLANT VIRUSES, in the family CAULIMOVIRIDAE, that are transmitted by APHIDS in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.
A plant species of the family BRASSICACEAE best known for the edible roots.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE used to study GENETICS because it is DIPLOID, self fertile, has a small genome, and short generation time.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina.
Higher plants that live primarily in terrestrial habitats, although some are secondarily aquatic. Most obtain their energy from PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They comprise the vascular and non-vascular plants.
Glucuronidase is an enzyme (specifically, a glycosidase) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucuronic acid from various substrates, playing crucial roles in metabolic processes like detoxification and biotransformation within organisms.
Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Eukaryotes in the group STRAMENOPILES, formerly considered FUNGI, whose exact taxonomic level is unsettled. Many consider Oomycetes (Oomycota) a phylum in the kingdom Stramenopila, or alternatively, as Pseudofungi in the phylum Heterokonta of the kingdom Chromista. They are morphologically similar to fungi but have no close phylogenetic relationship to them. Oomycetes are found in both fresh and salt water as well as in terrestrial environments. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp683-4). They produce flagellated, actively motile spores (zoospores) that are pathogenic to many crop plants and FISHES.

Separation of shoot and floral identity in Arabidopsis. (1/17430)

The overall morphology of an Arabidopsis plant depends on the behaviour of its meristems. Meristems derived from the shoot apex can develop into either shoots or flowers. The distinction between these alternative fates requires separation between the function of floral meristem identity genes and the function of an antagonistic group of genes, which includes TERMINAL FLOWER 1. We show that the activities of these genes are restricted to separate domains of the shoot apex by different mechanisms. Meristem identity genes, such as LEAFY, APETALA 1 and CAULIFLOWER, prevent TERMINAL FLOWER 1 transcription in floral meristems on the apex periphery. TERMINAL FLOWER 1, in turn, can inhibit the activity of meristem identity genes at the centre of the shoot apex in two ways; first by delaying their upregulation, and second, by preventing the meristem from responding to LEAFY or APETALA 1. We suggest that the wild-type pattern of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 and floral meristem identity gene expression depends on the relative timing of their upregulation.  (+info)

Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (2/17430)

BACKGROUND: In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing results in RNA degradation after transcription. Among tobacco transformants carrying a nitrate reductase (Nia) construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-Nia2), one class of transformants spontaneously triggers Nia post-transcriptional gene silencing (class II) whereas another class does not (class I). Non-silenced plants of both classes become silenced when grafted onto silenced stocks, indicating the existence of a systemic silencing signal. Graft-transmitted silencing is maintained in class II but not in class I plants when removed from silenced stocks, indicating similar requirements for spontaneous triggering and maintenance. RESULTS: Introduction of 35S-Nia2 DNA by the gene transfer method called biolistics led to localised acquired silencing (LAS) in bombarded leaves of wild-type, class I and class II plants, and to systemic acquired silencing (SAS) in class II plants. SAS occurred even if the targeted leaf was removed 2 days after bombardment, indicating that the systemic signal is produced, transmitted and amplified rapidly. SAS was activated by sense, antisense and promoterless Nia2 DNA constructs, indicating that transcription is not required although it does stimulate SAS. CONCLUSIONS: SAS was activated by biolistic introduction of promoterless constructs, indicating that the DNA itself is a potent activator of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The systemic silencing signal invaded the whole plant by cell-to-cell and long-distance propagation, and reamplification of the signal.  (+info)

Gene silencing: plants and viruses fight it out. (3/17430)

Plants can become 'immune' to attack by viruses by degrading specific viral RNA, but some plant viruses have evolved the general capacity to suppress this resistance mechanism.  (+info)

Loss-of-function mutations in the rice homeobox gene OSH15 affect the architecture of internodes resulting in dwarf plants. (4/17430)

The rice homeobox gene OSH15 (Oryza sativa homeobox) is a member of the knotted1-type homeobox gene family. We report here on the identification and characterization of a loss-of-function mutation in OSH15 from a library of retrotransposon-tagged lines of rice. Based on the phenotype and map position, we have identified three independent deletion alleles of the locus among conventional morphological mutants. All of these recessive mutations, which are considered to be null alleles, exhibit defects in internode elongation. Introduction of a 14 kbp genomic DNA fragment that includes all exons, introns and 5'- and 3'- flanking sequences of OSH15 complemented the defects in internode elongation, confirming that they were caused by the loss-of-function of OSH15. Internodes of the mutants had abnormal-shaped epidermal and hypodermal cells and showed an unusual arrangement of small vascular bundles. These mutations demonstrate a role for OSH15 in the development of rice internodes. This is the first evidence that the knotted1-type homeobox genes have roles other than shoot apical meristem formation and/or maintenance in plant development.  (+info)

An Arabidopsis 14-3-3 protein can act as a transcriptional activator in yeast. (5/17430)

The 14-3-3 proteins are a group of highly conserved and widely distributed eukaryotic proteins with diverse functions. One 14-3-3 protein, AFT1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, was found to be able to activate transcription in yeast. When fused to the DNA-binding domain of a bacterial protein LexA, AFT1 can activate transcription of reporter genes that contain LexA operator sequences in their promoters. Although the in vivo function of AFT1 is not completely known, its similarity to previously identified proteins found in transcription complexes of Arabidopsis and maize suggests that AFT1 and some other 14-3-3 proteins may activate gene expression in other systems as well.  (+info)

Magnesium ion-induced changes in the binding mode of adenylates to chloroplast coupling factor 1. (6/17430)

The effect of Mg2+ on the binding of adenylates to isolated chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) was studied using CD spectrometry and ultrafiltration. At adenylate concentrations smaller than 100 muM, one mole of CF1 binds three moles of ATP (or ADP) regardless of the presence of Mg2+. In the presence of Mg2+, the first two ATP's bind to CF1 independently with the same binding constant of 2.5 X 10(-1) muM-1, then the third ATP binds with a much higher affinity of 10 muM-1. In the absence of Mg2+, the first ATP binds to CF1 with a binding constant of 2.5 X 10(-1) muM-1 then the other two ATP's bind less easily with the same binding constant of 4.0 X 10(-2) muM-1. The binding mode of ADP to CF1 is quite similar to that of ATP. In the presence of Mg2+, the binding constants of the first two ADP's are both 7.6 X 10(-2) muM-1, that of the third ADP being 4.0 muM-1. In the absence of Mg2+, the binding constant of the first ADP is 7.6 X 10(-2) muM-1, the constants of the other two ADP's both being 4.0 X 10(-2) muM-1. AMP caused a negligible change in CD.  (+info)

Isolation and characterization of two mouse L cell lines resistant to the toxic lectin ricin. (7/17430)

Two variant mouse L cell lines (termed CL 3 and CL 6) have been selected for resistant to ricin, a galactose-binding lectin with potent cytotoxic activity. The resistant lines exhibit a 50 to 70% decrease in ricin binding and a 300- to 500-fold increase in resistance to the toxic effects of ricin. Crude membrane preparations of CL 3 cells have increased sialic acid content (200% of control), while the galactose, mannose, and hexosamine content is within normal limits. Both the glycoproteins and glycolipids of CL 3 cells have increased sialic acid, with the GM3:lactosylceramide ratios for parent L and CL 3 cells being 0.29 and 1.5, respectively. In contrast, the membranes of CL 6 cells have a decrease in sialic acid, galactose, and hexosamine content with mannose being normal. Both cell lines have specific alterations in glycosyltransferase activities which can account for the observed membrane sugar changes. CL 3 cells have increased CMP-sialic acid:glycoprotein sialyltransferase and GM3 synthetase activities, while CL 6 cells have decrease UDP-GlcNAc:glycoproteinN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and DPU-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase activities. The increased sialic acid content of CL 3 cells serves to mask ricin binding sites, since neuraminidase treatment of this cell line restores ricin binding to essentially normal levels. However, the fact that neuraminidase-treated CL 3 cells are still 45-fold resistant to ricin indicates that either a special class of productive ricin binding sites is not being exposed or that the cell line has a second mechanism for ricin resistance.  (+info)

Functional expression of the plant alternative oxidase affects growth of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (8/17430)

We have investigated the extent to which functional expression of the plant alternative oxidase (from Sauromatum guttatum) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe affects yeast growth. When cells are cultured on glycerol, the maximum specific growth rate is decreased from 0.13 to 0.11 h-1 while growth yield is lowered by 20% (from 1. 14 x 10(8) to 9.12 x 10(7) cells ml-1). Kinetic studies suggest that the effect on growth is mitochondrial in origin. In isolated mitochondria we found that the alternative oxidase actively competes with the cytochrome pathway for reducing equivalents and contributes up to 24% to the overall respiratory activity. Metabolic control analysis reveals that the alternative oxidase exerts a considerable degree of control (22%) on total electron flux. Furthermore, the negative control exerted by the alternative oxidase on the flux ratio of electrons through the cytochrome and alternative pathways is comparable with the positive control exerted on this flux-ratio by the cytochrome pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report a phenotypic effect because of plant alternative oxidase expression. We suggest that the effect on growth is the result of high engagement of the non-protonmotive alternative oxidase in yeast respiration that, consequently, lowers the efficiency of energy conservation and hence growth.  (+info)

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.

Arabidopsis proteins refer to the proteins that are encoded by the genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which is a model organism commonly used in plant biology research. This small flowering plant has a compact genome and a short life cycle, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes in plants.

Arabidopsis proteins play crucial roles in many cellular functions, such as metabolism, signaling, regulation of gene expression, response to environmental stresses, and developmental processes. Research on Arabidopsis proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of plant biology and has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various agronomic traits.

Some examples of Arabidopsis proteins include transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, enzymes, and structural proteins. These proteins can be studied using a variety of techniques, such as biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies, and genetic approaches, to understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.

The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.

The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.

Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.

'Toxic plants' refer to those species of plants that contain toxic substances capable of causing harmful effects or adverse health reactions in humans and animals when ingested, touched, or inhaled. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms from mild irritation to serious conditions such as organ failure, paralysis, or even death depending on the plant, the amount consumed, and the individual's sensitivity to the toxin.

Toxic plants may contain various types of toxins, including alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, resinous substances, and essential oils. Some common examples of toxic plants include poison ivy, poison oak, nightshade, hemlock, oleander, castor bean, and foxglove. It is important to note that some parts of a plant may be toxic while others are not, and the toxicity can also vary depending on the stage of growth or environmental conditions.

If you suspect exposure to a toxic plant, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately and, if possible, bring a sample of the plant for identification.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

A medical definition for "plant shoots" may not be readily available, as the term is primarily used in botany and horticulture. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Plant shoots refer to the above-ground portion of a plant, which typically includes structures like stems, leaves, flowers, and buds. Shoots originate from the seed or the growing tip of the plant and are responsible for photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and reproduction. In some contexts, "plant shoots" might also refer to new growth that emerges from an existing plant, such as when a leaf or stem sprouts a new branch or flower.

Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.

Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.

It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.

Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.

Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.

Vegetable proteins, also known as plant-based proteins, are nitrogenous organic compounds derived from plants. These proteins are composed of amino acid chains that are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. Vegetable proteins can be found in a wide variety of plant sources such as legumes (e.g., beans, lentils, peas), grains (e.g., rice, wheat, corn), nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

It is important to note that while vegetable proteins are often considered "incomplete" because they may lack one or more of the essential amino acids found in animal-based proteins, consuming a variety of plant-based protein sources throughout the day can provide all the necessary amino acids for a healthy diet. Vegetarian and vegan diets that are well-planned can meet protein needs without the use of animal products.

'Plant development' is not a term typically used in medical definitions, as it is more commonly used in the field of botany to describe the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues, and organs over time. However, in a broader context, plant development can be defined as the series of changes and processes that occur from the fertilization of a plant seed to the formation of a mature plant, including germination, emergence, organ formation, growth, and reproduction.

In medicine, terms related to plant development may include "phytotherapy" or "herbal medicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as medicinal treatments for various health conditions. The study of how these plants develop and produce their active compounds is an important area of research in pharmacology and natural products chemistry.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A plant cell is defined as a type of eukaryotic cell that makes up the structural basis of plants and other forms of multicellular plant-like organisms, such as algae and mosses. These cells are typically characterized by their rigid cell walls, which provide support and protection, and their large vacuoles, which store nutrients and help maintain turgor pressure within the cell.

Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis and give plants their green color. Other distinctive features of plant cells include a large central vacuole, a complex system of membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous mitochondria, which provide energy to the cell through cellular respiration.

Plant cells are genetically distinct from animal cells, and they have unique structures and functions that allow them to carry out photosynthesis, grow and divide, and respond to their environment. Understanding the structure and function of plant cells is essential for understanding how plants grow, develop, and interact with their surroundings.

Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.

Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.

It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.

"Eleusine" is the genus name for a group of plants that includes several species of grasses, some of which are known as "goosegrass." It does not have a specific medical definition, but certain species of Eleusine may have medicinal or therapeutic uses. For example, in traditional medicine, the leaves and seeds of some Eleusine species have been used to treat various conditions such as diarrhea, dysentery, and skin diseases. However, it is important to note that these uses have not been extensively studied or proven in clinical trials, so they should not be considered medical facts. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of toxic proteins that inhibit protein synthesis in cells by modifying ribosomal RNA. They can be found in various plants, animals, and bacteria. Type 2 RIPs are characterized by their structure, which consists of two separate polypeptide chains: an A chain with N-glycosidase activity that removes an adenine residue from a specific site on the 28S rRNA, and a B chain that facilitates the binding of the A chain to the ribosome. The B chain is a lectin domain that allows for specific recognition and binding to glycoconjugates on the cell surface, leading to internalization of the RIP into the cell. Type 2 RIPs are known for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, making them potential candidates for use in cancer therapy and other medical applications.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.

A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.

The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.

The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.

Edible plants are those that can be safely consumed by humans and other animals as a source of nutrition. They have various parts (such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, roots, stems, and leaves) that can be used for food after being harvested and prepared properly. Some edible plants have been cultivated and domesticated for agricultural purposes, while others are gathered from the wild. It is important to note that not all plants are safe to eat, and some may even be toxic or deadly if consumed. Proper identification and knowledge of preparation methods are crucial before consuming any plant material.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Structures" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of botany to refer to the different parts of a plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these structures has specific functions that contribute to the overall growth, reproduction, and survival of the plant. If you have any questions related to biology or botany, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

"Lycopersicon esculentum" is the scientific name for the common red tomato. It is a species of fruit from the nightshade family (Solanaceae) that is native to western South America and Central America. Tomatoes are widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world as a vegetable, although they are technically a fruit. They are rich in nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, and lycopene, which has been studied for its potential health benefits.

'Zea mays' is the biological name for corn or maize, which is not typically considered a medical term. However, corn or maize can have medical relevance in certain contexts. For example, cornstarch is sometimes used as a diluent for medications and is also a component of some skin products. Corn oil may be found in topical ointments and creams. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to corn or corn-derived products. But generally speaking, 'Zea mays' itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Plant lectins are proteins or glycoproteins that are abundantly found in various plant parts such as seeds, leaves, stems, and roots. They have the ability to bind specifically to carbohydrate structures present on cell membranes, known as glycoconjugates. This binding property of lectins is reversible and non-catalytic, meaning it does not involve any enzymatic activity.

Lectins play several roles in plants, including defense against predators, pathogens, and herbivores. They can agglutinate red blood cells, stimulate the immune system, and have been implicated in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Some lectins also exhibit mitogenic activity, which means they can stimulate the proliferation of certain types of cells.

In the medical field, plant lectins have gained attention due to their potential therapeutic applications. For instance, some lectins have been shown to possess anti-cancer properties and are being investigated as potential cancer treatments. However, it is important to note that some lectins can be toxic or allergenic to humans and animals, so they must be used with caution.

In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.

It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.

Pollen, in a medical context, refers to the fine powder-like substance produced by the male reproductive organ of seed plants. It contains microscopic grains known as pollen grains, which are transported by various means such as wind, water, or insects to the female reproductive organ of the same or another plant species for fertilization.

Pollen can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly during the spring and summer months when plants release large amounts of pollen into the air. These allergies, also known as hay fever or seasonal allergic rhinitis, can result in symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy eyes, and coughing.

It is important to note that while all pollen has the potential to cause allergic reactions, certain types of plants, such as ragweed, grasses, and trees, are more likely to trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic chemical substances that, when present in low concentrations, can influence various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. These processes include cell division, elongation, and differentiation; flowering and fruiting; leaf senescence; and stress responses. PGRs can be classified into several categories based on their mode of action and chemical structure, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and others. They are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yield and quality, regulate plant growth and development, and enhance stress tolerance.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

"Triticum" is the genus name for a group of cereal grains that includes common wheat (T. aestivum), durum wheat (T. durum), and spelt (T. spelta). These grains are important sources of food for humans, providing carbohydrates, proteins, and various nutrients. They are used to make a variety of foods such as bread, pasta, and breakfast cereals. Triticum species are also known as "wheat" in layman's terms.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soybeans" are not a medical term. They are a type of legume that is commonly used in agriculture and food production. The medical community might discuss soybeans in the context of nutrition or allergies, but there isn't a formal medical definition for this term.

Here's some general information: Soybeans, scientifically known as Glycine max, are native to East Asia and are now grown worldwide. They are a significant source of plant-based protein and oil. Soybeans contain various nutrients, including essential amino acids, fiber, B vitamins, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. They are used in various food products such as tofu, soy milk, tempeh, and miso. Additionally, soybeans are also used in the production of industrial products, including biodiesel, plastics, and inks. Some people may have allergic reactions to soybeans or soy products.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

"Plant immunity" refers to the complex defense mechanisms that plants have evolved to protect themselves from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. Plants do not have an adaptive immune system like humans, so they rely on their innate immune responses to detect and respond to pathogen invasion.

Plant immunity can be broadly categorized into two types: PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (Effector-triggered immunity). PTI is activated when the plant recognizes conserved microbial patterns, known as PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns), through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the cell surface. This recognition triggers a series of defense responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the expression of defense genes.

ETI is activated when the plant recognizes effector proteins produced by pathogens to suppress PTI. Effector recognition typically occurs through resistance (R) proteins that can directly or indirectly recognize effectors, leading to the activation of stronger defense responses, such as the hypersensitive response (HR), which involves localized programmed cell death to limit pathogen spread.

Overall, plant immunity is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple layers of defense mechanisms that help plants protect themselves from pathogens and maintain their health and productivity.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of immune cells. In plants, antigens are typically found on the surface of plant cells and may be derived from various sources such as:

1. Pathogens: Plant pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and oomycetes have unique molecules on their surfaces that can serve as antigens for the plant's immune system. These antigens are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and trigger an immune response.
2. Endogenous proteins: Some plant proteins, when expressed in abnormal locations or quantities, can be recognized as foreign by the plant's immune system and elicit an immune response. These proteins may serve as antigens and are involved in self/non-self recognition.
3. Glycoproteins: Plant cell surface glycoproteins, which contain carbohydrate moieties, can also act as antigens. They play a role in plant-microbe interactions and may be recognized by both the plant's immune system and pathogens.
4. Allergens: Certain plant proteins can cause allergic reactions in humans and animals when ingested or inhaled. These proteins, known as allergens, can also serve as antigens for the human immune system, leading to the production of IgE antibodies and triggering an allergic response.
5. Transgenic proteins: In genetically modified plants, new proteins introduced through genetic engineering may be recognized as foreign by the plant's immune system or even by the human immune system in some cases. These transgenic proteins can serve as antigens and have been a subject of concern in relation to food safety and potential allergies.

Understanding plant antigens is crucial for developing effective strategies for plant disease management, vaccine development, and improving food safety and allergy prevention.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "peas" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Peas are a type of legume that is commonly consumed as a vegetable. They are rich in nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamin C, and vitamin K. If you have any questions about the health benefits or potential risks of consuming peas, I would be happy to try to help with that.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA molecule through the process of reverse transcription. In this process, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand. The resulting cDNA is therefore complementary to the original RNA molecule and is a copy of its coding sequence, but it does not contain non-coding regions such as introns that are present in genomic DNA.

Complementary DNA is often used in molecular biology research to study gene expression, protein function, and other genetic phenomena. For example, cDNA can be used to create cDNA libraries, which are collections of cloned cDNA fragments that represent the expressed genes in a particular cell type or tissue. These libraries can then be screened for specific genes or gene products of interest. Additionally, cDNA can be used to produce recombinant proteins in heterologous expression systems, allowing researchers to study the structure and function of proteins that may be difficult to express or purify from their native sources.

"Oryza sativa" is the scientific name for Asian rice, which is a species of grass and one of the most important food crops in the world. It is a staple food for more than half of the global population, providing a significant source of calories and carbohydrates. There are several varieties of Oryza sativa, including indica and japonica, which differ in their genetic makeup, growth habits, and grain characteristics.

Oryza sativa is an annual plant that grows to a height of 1-2 meters and produces long slender leaves and clusters of flowers at the top of the stem. The grains are enclosed within a tough husk, which must be removed before consumption. Rice is typically grown in flooded fields or paddies, which provide the necessary moisture for germination and growth.

Rice is an important source of nutrition for people around the world, particularly in developing countries where it may be one of the few reliable sources of food. It is rich in carbohydrates, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals, including thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and magnesium. However, rice can also be a significant source of arsenic, a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the grain during growth.

In medical terms, Oryza sativa may be used as a component of nutritional interventions for individuals who are at risk of malnutrition or who have specific dietary needs. It may also be studied in clinical trials to evaluate its potential health benefits or risks.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Plant Epidermis" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a term used in botany to describe the outermost layer of cells in plant tissues. The epidermis serves as a protective barrier for the plant, regulating gas exchange and water loss through stomata, and producing cutin, a waxy substance that helps prevent water loss.

In summary, "Plant Epidermis" is a term related to plant biology and not medicine.

"Formulated food" is a term used in the field of clinical nutrition to refer to foods that are specially manufactured and designed to meet the nutritional needs of specific patient populations. These foods often come in the form of shakes, bars, or pouches and are intended to be used as a sole source or supplementary source of nutrition for individuals who have difficulty meeting their nutritional needs through traditional food sources alone.

Formulated foods may be indicated for patients who have medical conditions that affect their ability to eat or digest regular food, such as dysphagia (swallowing difficulties), malabsorption syndromes, or chronic inflammatory bowel disease. They may also be used in patients who require additional nutritional support during times of illness, injury, or recovery from surgery.

Formulated foods are typically designed to provide a balance of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) that meet the recommended dietary intakes for specific patient populations. They may also contain additional ingredients such as fiber, probiotics, or other nutraceuticals to provide additional health benefits.

It is important to note that formulated foods should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or physician, to ensure that they are appropriate for an individual's specific medical and nutritional needs.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in the cells of green plants, algae, and some protists. They are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, which is the process by which these organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.

Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun. They also contain a system of membranes and enzymes that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a series of chemical reactions known as the Calvin cycle. This process not only provides energy for the organism but also releases oxygen as a byproduct, which is essential for the survival of most life forms on Earth.

Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from ancient cyanobacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and eventually became integrated into their host's cellular machinery through a process called endosymbiosis. Over time, chloroplasts evolved to become an essential component of plant and algal cells, contributing to their ability to carry out photosynthesis and thrive in a wide range of environments.

Soybean proteins are the proteins derived from soybeans, a legume native to East Asia. Soybeans contain approximately 40% protein by weight, making them a significant source of plant-based protein. The two major types of soy protein are:

1. Soy protein isolate (SPI): This is a highly refined protein that contains at least 90% protein by weight. It is made by removing carbohydrates and fiber from defatted soy flour, leaving behind a protein-rich powder. SPI is often used as an ingredient in various food products, including meat alternatives, energy bars, and beverages.
2. Soy protein concentrate (SPC): This type of soy protein contains approximately 70% protein by weight. It is made by removing some of the carbohydrates from defatted soy flour, leaving behind a higher concentration of proteins. SPC has applications in food and industrial uses, such as in textured vegetable protein (TVP) for meat alternatives, baked goods, and functional foods.

Soy proteins are considered high-quality proteins due to their complete amino acid profile, containing all nine essential amino acids necessary for human nutrition. They also have various health benefits, such as lowering cholesterol levels, improving bone health, and promoting muscle growth and maintenance. However, it is important to note that soy protein consumption should be balanced with other protein sources to ensure a diverse intake of nutrients.

A two-hybrid system technique is a type of genetic screening method used in molecular biology to identify protein-protein interactions within an organism, most commonly baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or Escherichia coli. The name "two-hybrid" refers to the fact that two separate proteins are being examined for their ability to interact with each other.

The technique is based on the modular nature of transcription factors, which typically consist of two distinct domains: a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an activation domain (AD). In a two-hybrid system, one protein of interest is fused to the DBD, while the second protein of interest is fused to the AD. If the two proteins interact, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity, allowing for transcriptional activation of a reporter gene that is linked to a specific promoter sequence recognized by the DBD.

The main components of a two-hybrid system include:

1. Bait protein (fused to the DNA-binding domain)
2. Prey protein (fused to the activation domain)
3. Reporter gene (transcribed upon interaction between bait and prey proteins)
4. Promoter sequence (recognized by the DBD when brought in proximity due to interaction)

The two-hybrid system technique has several advantages, including:

1. Ability to screen large libraries of potential interacting partners
2. High sensitivity for detecting weak or transient interactions
3. Applicability to various organisms and protein types
4. Potential for high-throughput analysis

However, there are also limitations to the technique, such as false positives (interactions that do not occur in vivo) and false negatives (lack of detection of true interactions). Additionally, the fusion proteins may not always fold or localize correctly, leading to potential artifacts. Despite these limitations, two-hybrid system techniques remain a valuable tool for studying protein-protein interactions and have contributed significantly to our understanding of various cellular processes.

Stomata are microscopic pores found in the epidermis of plant leaves, stems, and other organs. They are essential for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, allowing the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen. Plant stomata consist of two guard cells that surround and regulate the size of the pore. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore are influenced by environmental factors such as light, humidity, and temperature, as well as internal signals within the plant.

Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are a group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek words "angeion," meaning "case" or "capsule," and "sperma," meaning "seed." This group includes the majority of plant species, with over 300,000 known species.

Angiosperms are characterized by their reproductive structures, which consist of flowers. The flower contains male and female reproductive organs, including stamens (which produce pollen) and carpels (which contain the ovules). After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, while the ovary matures into a fruit, which provides protection and nutrition for the developing embryo.

Angiosperms are further divided into two main groups: monocots and eudicots. Monocots have one cotyledon or embryonic leaf, while eudicots have two. Examples of monocots include grasses, lilies, and orchids, while examples of eudicots include roses, sunflowers, and legumes.

Angiosperms are ecologically and economically important, providing food, shelter, and other resources for many organisms, including humans. They have evolved a wide range of adaptations to different environments, from the desert to the ocean floor, making them one of the most diverse and successful groups of plants on Earth.

A multigene family is a group of genetically related genes that share a common ancestry and have similar sequences or structures. These genes are arranged in clusters on a chromosome and often encode proteins with similar functions. They can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication, recombination, and transposition. Multigene families play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as development, immunity, and metabolism. Examples of multigene families include the globin genes involved in oxygen transport, the immune system's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, and the cytochrome P450 genes associated with drug metabolism.

Recombinant fusion proteins are artificially created biomolecules that combine the functional domains or properties of two or more different proteins into a single protein entity. They are generated through recombinant DNA technology, where the genes encoding the desired protein domains are linked together and expressed as a single, chimeric gene in a host organism, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

The resulting fusion protein retains the functional properties of its individual constituent proteins, allowing for novel applications in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. For instance, recombinant fusion proteins can be designed to enhance protein stability, solubility, or immunogenicity, making them valuable tools for studying protein-protein interactions, developing targeted therapies, or generating vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer.

Examples of recombinant fusion proteins include:

1. Etaglunatide (ABT-523): A soluble Fc fusion protein that combines the heavy chain fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of an immunoglobulin with the extracellular domain of the human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). This fusion protein functions as a decoy receptor, neutralizing IL-6 and its downstream signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Etanercept (Enbrel): A soluble TNF receptor p75 Fc fusion protein that binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inhibits its proinflammatory activity, making it a valuable therapeutic option for treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis.
3. Abatacept (Orencia): A fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin, which downregulates T-cell activation and proliferation in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Belimumab (Benlysta): A monoclonal antibody that targets B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein, preventing its interaction with the B-cell surface receptor and inhibiting B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
5. Romiplostim (Nplate): A fusion protein consisting of a thrombopoietin receptor agonist peptide linked to an immunoglobulin Fc region, which stimulates platelet production in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
6. Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp): A hyperglycosylated erythropoiesis-stimulating protein that functions as a longer-acting form of recombinant human erythropoietin, used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or cancer.
7. Palivizumab (Synagis): A monoclonal antibody directed against the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which prevents RSV infection and is administered prophylactically to high-risk infants during the RSV season.
8. Ranibizumab (Lucentis): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular disorders.
9. Cetuximab (Erbitux): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
10. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully humanized monoclonal antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
11. Bevacizumab (Avastin): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A, used in the treatment of various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancer.
12. Trastuzumab (Herceptin): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets HER2/neu receptor, used in the treatment of breast cancer.
13. Rituximab (Rituxan): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 antigen on B cells, used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis.
14. Palivizumab (Synagis): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus, used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.
15. Infliximab (Remicade): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
16. Natalizumab (Tysabri): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to α4β1 integrin, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
17. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
18. Golimumab (Simponi): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis.
19. Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia): A PEGylated Fab' fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Crohn's disease.
20. Ustekinumab (Stelara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's disease.
21. Secukinumab (Cosentyx): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
22. Ixekizumab (Taltz): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
23. Brodalumab (Siliq): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A, used in the treatment of psoriasis.
24. Sarilumab (Kevzara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
25. Tocilizumab (Actemra): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell-induced cytokine release syndrome.
26. Siltuximab (Sylvant): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease.
27. Satralizumab (Enspryng): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6 receptor alpha, used in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
28. Sirukumab (Plivensia): A human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

A conserved sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to a pattern of nucleotides (in DNA or RNA) or amino acids (in proteins) that has remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. These sequences are often functionally important and are highly conserved across different species, indicating strong selection pressure against changes in these regions.

In the case of protein-coding genes, the corresponding amino acid sequence is deduced from the DNA sequence through the genetic code. Conserved sequences in proteins may indicate structurally or functionally important regions, such as active sites or binding sites, that are critical for the protein's activity. Similarly, conserved non-coding sequences in DNA may represent regulatory elements that control gene expression.

Identifying conserved sequences can be useful for inferring evolutionary relationships between species and for predicting the function of unknown genes or proteins.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).

Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.

Substrate specificity can be categorized as:

1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.

Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Caseins are a group of phosphoproteins found in the milk of mammals, including cows and humans. They are the major proteins in milk, making up about 80% of the total protein content. Caseins are characterized by their ability to form micelles, or tiny particles, in milk when it is mixed with calcium. This property allows caseins to help transport calcium and other minerals throughout the body.

Caseins are also known for their nutritional value, as they provide essential amino acids and are easily digestible. They are often used as ingredients in infant formula and other food products. Additionally, caseins have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving bone health. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Plant poisoning is a form of poisoning that occurs when someone ingests, inhales, or comes into contact with any part of a plant that contains toxic substances. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type and amount of plant consumed or exposed to, as well as the individual's age, health status, and sensitivity to the toxin.

Symptoms of plant poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, skin rashes, seizures, or in severe cases, even death. Some common plants that can cause poisoning include poison ivy, poison oak, foxglove, oleander, and hemlock, among many others.

If you suspect plant poisoning, it is important to seek medical attention immediately and bring a sample of the plant or information about its identity if possible. This will help healthcare providers diagnose and treat the poisoning more effectively.

Plant transpiration is the process by which water vapor escapes from leaves and other aerial parts of plants to the atmosphere. It is a type of evapotranspiration, which refers to both evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from plants. Water molecules are absorbed by plant roots from the soil, move up through the xylem tissue to the leaves, and then evaporate from the leaf surface through stomatal pores. This process helps in the transportation of nutrients from the soil to various parts of the plant, regulates the temperature of the plant, and maintains the turgor pressure within the cells. Plant transpiration is influenced by environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

Tertiary protein structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of all the elements (polypeptide chains) of a single protein molecule. It is the highest level of structural organization and results from interactions between various side chains (R groups) of the amino acids that make up the protein. These interactions, which include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, and disulfide bridges, give the protein its unique shape and stability, which in turn determines its function. The tertiary structure of a protein can be stabilized by various factors such as temperature, pH, and the presence of certain ions. Any changes in these factors can lead to denaturation, where the protein loses its tertiary structure and thus its function.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:

1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)

Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).

Amino acid motifs are recurring patterns or sequences of amino acids in a protein molecule. These motifs can be identified through various sequence analysis techniques and often have functional or structural significance. They can be as short as two amino acids in length, but typically contain at least three to five residues.

Some common examples of amino acid motifs include:

1. Active site motifs: These are specific sequences of amino acids that form the active site of an enzyme and participate in catalyzing chemical reactions. For example, the catalytic triad in serine proteases consists of three residues (serine, histidine, and aspartate) that work together to hydrolyze peptide bonds.
2. Signal peptide motifs: These are sequences of amino acids that target proteins for secretion or localization to specific organelles within the cell. For example, a typical signal peptide consists of a positively charged n-region, a hydrophobic h-region, and a polar c-region that directs the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane for translocation.
3. Zinc finger motifs: These are structural domains that contain conserved sequences of amino acids that bind zinc ions and play important roles in DNA recognition and regulation of gene expression.
4. Transmembrane motifs: These are sequences of hydrophobic amino acids that span the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and anchor transmembrane proteins in place.
5. Phosphorylation sites: These are specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues that can be phosphorylated by protein kinases to regulate protein function.

Understanding amino acid motifs is important for predicting protein structure and function, as well as for identifying potential drug targets in disease-associated proteins.

Nutritional requirements refer to the necessary amount of nutrients, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), that an individual requires to maintain good health, support normal growth and development, and promote optimal bodily functions. These requirements vary based on factors such as age, sex, body size, pregnancy status, and physical activity level. Meeting one's nutritional requirements typically involves consuming a balanced and varied diet, with additional consideration given to any specific dietary restrictions or medical conditions that may influence nutrient needs.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

A plant tumor, also known as a gall or neoplasm, is an abnormal growth that occurs in plants. These growths can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, bacterial or viral infections, and physical injuries. However, the most well-known cause of plant tumors are crown galls, which are induced by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

When this bacterium infects a plant through a wound, it transfers a portion of its DNA (T-DNA) into the plant's cells. The T-DNA contains genes that encode enzymes responsible for the production of auxins and cytokinins, two types of plant hormones that promote cell division and growth. As a result, the infected plant cells start to divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of a tumor-like growth.

Plant tumors can vary in size and appearance, ranging from small bumps to large, disfigured growths. While they are not typically harmful to the plant, they can reduce its aesthetic value and economic productivity. In some cases, plant tumors may also provide a habitat for pests and diseases, which can further harm the plant.

Chromosomes in plants are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, DNA, and proteins. They are present in the nucleus of every cell and are inherited from the parent plants during sexual reproduction. Chromosomes come in pairs, with each pair consisting of one chromosome from each parent.

In plants, like in other organisms, chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance, development, and reproduction. They carry genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics of the plant, such as its physical appearance, growth patterns, and resistance to diseases.

Plant chromosomes are typically much larger than those found in animals, making them easier to study under a microscope. The number of chromosomes varies among different plant species, ranging from as few as 2 in some ferns to over 1000 in certain varieties of wheat.

During cell division, the chromosomes replicate and then separate into two identical sets, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. This process is critical for the growth and development of the plant, as well as for the production of viable seeds and offspring.

A genetic complementation test is a laboratory procedure used in molecular genetics to determine whether two mutated genes can complement each other's function, indicating that they are located at different loci and represent separate alleles. This test involves introducing a normal or wild-type copy of one gene into a cell containing a mutant version of the same gene, and then observing whether the presence of the normal gene restores the normal function of the mutated gene. If the introduction of the normal gene results in the restoration of the normal phenotype, it suggests that the two genes are located at different loci and can complement each other's function. However, if the introduction of the normal gene does not restore the normal phenotype, it suggests that the two genes are located at the same locus and represent different alleles of the same gene. This test is commonly used to map genes and identify genetic interactions in a variety of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and animals.

Aerial parts of plants refer to the above-ground portions of a plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. These parts are often used in medicine, either in their entirety or as isolated extracts, to take advantage of their medicinal properties. The specific components of aerial parts that are used in medicine can vary depending on the plant species and the desired therapeutic effects. For example, the leaves of some plants may contain active compounds that have anti-inflammatory or analgesic properties, while the flowers of others may be rich in antioxidants or compounds with sedative effects. In general, aerial parts of plants are used in herbal medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including respiratory, digestive, and nervous system disorders, as well as skin conditions and infections.

DNA primers are short single-stranded DNA molecules that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis. They are typically used in laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The primer binds to a complementary sequence on the DNA template through base pairing, providing a free 3'-hydroxyl group for the DNA polymerase enzyme to add nucleotides and synthesize a new strand of DNA. This allows for specific and targeted amplification or analysis of a particular region of interest within a larger DNA molecule.

"Plant preparations" is not a term with a specific medical definition in the field of medicine or pharmacology. However, it is commonly used to refer to various forms of plant material that have been prepared for medicinal use. This can include dried and powdered plant parts, such as leaves, roots, or flowers, as well as extracts or concentrates made from plants. These preparations may be used in traditional medicine or as the basis for modern pharmaceuticals. It is important to note that the safety, effectiveness, and quality of plant preparations can vary widely, and they should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider.

Sequence homology in nucleic acids refers to the similarity or identity between the nucleotide sequences of two or more DNA or RNA molecules. It is often used as a measure of biological relationship between genes, organisms, or populations. High sequence homology suggests a recent common ancestry or functional constraint, while low sequence homology may indicate a more distant relationship or different functions.

Nucleic acid sequence homology can be determined by various methods such as pairwise alignment, multiple sequence alignment, and statistical analysis. The degree of homology is typically expressed as a percentage of identical or similar nucleotides in a given window of comparison.

It's important to note that the interpretation of sequence homology depends on the biological context and the evolutionary distance between the sequences compared. Therefore, functional and experimental validation is often necessary to confirm the significance of sequence homology.

Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in many cellular processes by adding phosphate groups to other proteins, a process known as phosphorylation. This modification can activate or deactivate the target protein's function, thereby regulating various signaling pathways within the cell. Protein kinases are essential for numerous biological functions, including metabolism, signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Abnormal regulation of protein kinases has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seedling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is an agricultural and horticultural term that refers to a young plant grown from a seed, typically during the early stages of its growth. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

Herbivory is not a medical term, but rather a term used in biology and ecology. It refers to the practice of consuming plants or plant matter for food. Herbivores are animals that eat only plants, and their diet can include leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants.

While herbivory is not a medical term, it is still relevant to the field of medicine in certain contexts. For example, understanding the diets and behaviors of herbivores can help inform public health initiatives related to food safety and disease transmission. Additionally, research on herbivory has contributed to our understanding of the evolution of plant-animal interactions and the development of ecosystems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "power plants" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term commonly used to refer to industrial facilities that generate and distribute power, typically in the form of electricity. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Proteomics is the large-scale study and analysis of proteins, including their structures, functions, interactions, modifications, and abundance, in a given cell, tissue, or organism. It involves the identification and quantification of all expressed proteins in a biological sample, as well as the characterization of post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and functional pathways. Proteomics can provide valuable insights into various biological processes, diseases, and drug responses, and has applications in basic research, biomedicine, and clinical diagnostics. The field combines various techniques from molecular biology, chemistry, physics, and bioinformatics to study proteins at a systems level.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

The proteome is the entire set of proteins produced or present in an organism, system, organ, or cell at a certain time under specific conditions. It is a dynamic collection of protein species that changes over time, responding to various internal and external stimuli such as disease, stress, or environmental factors. The study of the proteome, known as proteomics, involves the identification and quantification of these protein components and their post-translational modifications, providing valuable insights into biological processes, functional pathways, and disease mechanisms.

A protein database is a type of biological database that contains information about proteins and their structures, functions, sequences, and interactions with other molecules. These databases can include experimentally determined data, such as protein sequences derived from DNA sequencing or mass spectrometry, as well as predicted data based on computational methods.

Some examples of protein databases include:

1. UniProtKB: a comprehensive protein database that provides information about protein sequences, functions, and structures, as well as literature references and links to other resources.
2. PDB (Protein Data Bank): a database of three-dimensional protein structures determined by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
3. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): a web-based tool that allows users to compare a query protein sequence against a protein database to identify similar sequences and potential functional relationships.
4. InterPro: a database of protein families, domains, and functional sites that provides information about protein function based on sequence analysis and other data.
5. STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins): a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions, including physical and functional associations.

Protein databases are essential tools in proteomics research, enabling researchers to study protein function, evolution, and interaction networks on a large scale.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

Fabaceae is the scientific name for a family of flowering plants commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family. This family includes a wide variety of plants that are important economically, agriculturally, and ecologically. Many members of Fabaceae have compound leaves and produce fruits that are legumes, which are long, thin pods that contain seeds. Some well-known examples of plants in this family include beans, peas, lentils, peanuts, clover, and alfalfa.

In addition to their importance as food crops, many Fabaceae species have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in nodules on their roots. This makes them valuable for improving soil fertility and is one reason why they are often used in crop rotation and as cover crops.

It's worth noting that Fabaceae is sometimes still referred to by its older scientific name, Leguminosae.

"Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a scientific name used in the field of microbiology. It refers to a species of yeast that is commonly used in various industrial processes, such as baking and brewing. It's also widely used in scientific research due to its genetic tractability and eukaryotic cellular organization.

However, it does have some relevance to medical fields like medicine and nutrition. For example, certain strains of S. cerevisiae are used as probiotics, which can provide health benefits when consumed. They may help support gut health, enhance the immune system, and even assist in the digestion of certain nutrients.

In summary, "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is a species of yeast with various industrial and potential medical applications.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Plant Nectar" is not a term used in medical definitions. Nectar is a sweet liquid produced by plants in flowers to attract pollinators such as insects and birds. It's a sugar-rich substance that serves as a source of energy for these animals. While it may have some nutritional value, it's not something that would be relevant to medical definitions or human health in a direct sense.

Protein transport, in the context of cellular biology, refers to the process by which proteins are actively moved from one location to another within or between cells. This is a crucial mechanism for maintaining proper cell function and regulation.

Intracellular protein transport involves the movement of proteins within a single cell. Proteins can be transported across membranes (such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or plasma membrane) via specialized transport systems like vesicles and transport channels.

Intercellular protein transport refers to the movement of proteins from one cell to another, often facilitated by exocytosis (release of proteins in vesicles) and endocytosis (uptake of extracellular substances via membrane-bound vesicles). This is essential for communication between cells, immune response, and other physiological processes.

It's important to note that any disruption in protein transport can lead to various diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, and metabolic conditions.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes by removing phosphate groups from serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues on proteins. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that regulates protein function, localization, and stability, and dephosphorylation by PPPs is essential for maintaining the balance of this regulation.

The PPP family includes several subfamilies, such as PP1, PP2A, PP2B (also known as calcineurin), PP4, PP5, and PP6. Each subfamily has distinct substrate specificities and regulatory mechanisms. For example, PP1 and PP2A are involved in the regulation of metabolism, signal transduction, and cell cycle progression, while PP2B is involved in immune response and calcium signaling.

Dysregulation of PPPs has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of PPPs is important for developing therapeutic strategies to target these diseases.

Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipid molecules derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They play crucial roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling. Oxylipins can be further categorized based on their precursor PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA). These oxylipins are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, and pain perception. They exert their effects through various receptors and downstream signaling pathways, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions.

Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.

In this process:

1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.

EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Bark" is not a term with a specific medical definition. In general, the bark refers to the outermost covering of a tree or other plant, which serves as protection and provides a barrier against external threats. It is composed of layers including the inner bark (phloem), which transports nutrients throughout the plant, and the outer bark (periderm), which is made up of dead cells that form a protective layer.

While some plants or plant parts do have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional or alternative medicine, "Plant Bark" by itself does not have any specific medical connotations. If you're referring to a specific type of plant bark with potential medicinal uses, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate response.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

Photosynthesis is not strictly a medical term, but it is a fundamental biological process with significant implications for medicine, particularly in understanding energy production in cells and the role of oxygen in sustaining life. Here's a general biological definition:

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose (or sugar), using water and carbon dioxide. This process primarily takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in structures called thylakoids. The overall reaction can be summarized as:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the reactants, while glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are the products. Photosynthesis has two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve the conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH, which are used to power the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves the synthesis of glucose from CO2 and water using the ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions.

Understanding photosynthesis is crucial for understanding various biological processes, including cellular respiration, plant metabolism, and the global carbon cycle. Additionally, research into artificial photosynthesis has potential applications in renewable energy production and environmental remediation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Physiological Processes" is not a standard medical term. Instead, it falls under the domain of plant science or botany.

In a broad sense, plant physiological processes refer to the functions and mechanisms that occur within plants at the cellular and molecular levels, which enable them to grow, develop, reproduce, and respond to their environment. These processes include photosynthesis, respiration, nutrient uptake and translocation, hormone signaling, water relations, and various other biochemical reactions.

If you're looking for a term related to medical definitions, please provide more context or clarify your request, and I would be happy to help.

Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.

Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.

Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is not exactly a medical term, but rather a scientific term used in the field of biochemistry and physiology. It is a type of auxin, which is a plant hormone that regulates various growth and development processes in plants. IAA is the most abundant and best-studied natural auxin.

Medically, indole-3-acetic acid may be mentioned in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments related to plants or plant-derived substances. For example, some research has investigated the potential use of IAA in promoting wound healing in plants or in agricultural applications. However, it is not a substance that is typically used in medical treatment for humans or animals.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

"Solanum tuberosum" is the scientific name for a plant species that is commonly known as the potato. According to medical and botanical definitions, Solanum tuberosum refers to the starchy, edible tubers that grow underground from this plant. Potatoes are native to the Andes region of South America and are now grown worldwide. They are an important food source for many people and are used in a variety of culinary applications.

Potatoes contain several essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, fiber, protein, vitamin C, and some B vitamins. However, they can also be high in calories, especially when prepared with added fats like butter or oil. Additionally, potatoes are often consumed in forms that are less healthy, such as French fries and potato chips, which can contribute to weight gain and other health problems if consumed excessively.

In a medical context, potatoes may also be discussed in relation to food allergies or intolerances. While uncommon, some people may have adverse reactions to potatoes, including skin rashes, digestive symptoms, or difficulty breathing. These reactions are typically caused by an immune response to proteins found in the potato plant, rather than the tubers themselves.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil" is not a term that has a medical definition. Soil is defined as the top layer of earth in which plants grow, a mixture of organic material, clay, sand, and silt. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Traditional medicine (TM) refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being. Although traditional medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, it is still widely used today and may include:

1. Traditional Asian medicines such as acupuncture, herbal remedies, and qigong from China; Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani and Siddha from India; and Jamu from Indonesia.
2. Traditional European herbal medicines, also known as phytotherapy.
3. North American traditional indigenous medicines, including Native American and Inuit practices.
4. African traditional medicines, such as herbal, spiritual, and manual techniques practiced in various African cultures.
5. South American traditional medicines, like Mapuche, Curanderismo, and Santo Daime practices from different countries.

It is essential to note that traditional medicine may not follow the scientific principles, evidence-based standards, or quality control measures inherent to conventional (also known as allopathic or Western) medicine. However, some traditional medicines have been integrated into modern healthcare systems and are considered complementary or alternative medicines (CAM). The World Health Organization encourages member states to develop policies and regulations for integrating TM/CAM practices into their healthcare systems, ensuring safety, efficacy, and quality while respecting cultural diversity.

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medical practice, and I'm not sure if there is a specific medical definition for "plant exudates." However, in a broader context, plant exudates refer to the various substances that are released or exuded by plants, often as a result of damage or stress. These can include a wide variety of compounds, such as sap, resins, latex, gums, essential oils, and tannins. Some of these compounds can have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional and modern medicine. For example, the resin from certain pine trees (rosin) has been used to treat respiratory ailments, while willow bark, which contains salicin (a precursor to aspirin), has been used for pain relief for centuries.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

Salicylic Acid is a type of beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in dermatology due to its keratolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by causing the cells of the epidermis to shed more easily, preventing the pores from becoming blocked and promoting the growth of new skin cells. Salicylic Acid is also a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which makes it useful in the treatment of inflammatory acne and other skin conditions associated with redness and irritation. It can be found in various over-the-counter skincare products, such as cleansers, creams, and peels, as well as in prescription-strength formulations.

Root nodules in plants refer to the specialized structures formed through the symbiotic relationship between certain leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, most commonly belonging to the genus Rhizobia. These nodules typically develop on the roots of the host plant, providing an ideal environment for the bacteria to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form that can be directly utilized by the plant for growth and development.

The formation of root nodules begins with the infection of the plant's root hair cells by Rhizobia bacteria. This interaction triggers a series of molecular signals leading to the differentiation of root cortical cells into nodule primordia, which eventually develop into mature nodules. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria reside within these nodules in membrane-bound compartments called symbiosomes, where they reduce atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through an enzyme called nitrogenase.

The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with carbon sources and other essential nutrients required for their growth and survival within the nodules. The fixed nitrogen is then transported from the root nodules to other parts of the plant, enhancing its overall nitrogen nutrition and promoting sustainable growth without the need for external nitrogen fertilizers.

In summary, root nodules in plants are essential structures formed through symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, allowing leguminous plants to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form while also benefiting the environment by reducing the reliance on chemical nitrogen fertilizers.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "germ cells" is typically used in the context of animals and humans, referring to the reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that can give rise to new individuals. It is not commonly used to describe plants.

In plants, the terms often used to refer to the reproductive cells are "male gametophyte" and "female gametophyte." The male gametophyte produces sperm cells, while the female gametophyte produces egg cells. These gametophytes are found within the pollen grains (male) and ovules (female) of plants.

Therefore, there isn't a medical definition for "germ cells, plant," as the term is not applicable in this context.

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and the roots of most plant species. In a mycorrhizal association, fungi colonize the root tissues of plants and extend their mycelial networks into the surrounding soil. This association enhances the nutrient uptake capacity of the host plant, particularly with regards to phosphorus and nitrogen, while the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plant for their own growth and metabolism.

Mycorrhizal fungi can be broadly classified into two types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae (or arbuscular mycorrhizae). Ectomycorrhizae form a sheath around the root surface, while endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and form structures called arbuscules, where nutrient exchange occurs. Mycorrhizal associations play crucial roles in maintaining ecosystem stability, promoting plant growth, and improving soil structure and fertility.

Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Poaceae is not a medical term but a taxonomic category, specifically the family name for grasses. In a broader sense, you might be asking for a medical context where knowledge of this plant family could be relevant. For instance, certain members of the Poaceae family can cause allergies or negative reactions in some people.

In a medical definition, Poaceae would be defined as:

The family of monocotyledonous plants that includes grasses, bamboo, and sedges. These plants are characterized by narrow leaves with parallel veins, jointed stems (called "nodes" and "internodes"), and flowers arranged in spikelets. Some members of this family are important food sources for humans and animals, such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and sorghum. Other members can cause negative reactions, like skin irritation or allergies, due to their silica-based defense structures called phytoliths.

Cholesterol is a type of lipid (fat) molecule that is an essential component of cell membranes and is also used to make certain hormones and vitamins in the body. It is produced by the liver and is also obtained from animal-derived foods such as meat, dairy products, and eggs.

Cholesterol does not mix with blood, so it is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, which are particles made up of both lipids and proteins. There are two main types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), also known as "good" cholesterol.

High levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. On the other hand, high levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of these conditions because HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for disposal.

It is important to maintain healthy levels of cholesterol through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication if necessary. Regular screening is also recommended to monitor cholesterol levels and prevent health complications.

Carrier proteins, also known as transport proteins, are a type of protein that facilitates the movement of molecules across cell membranes. They are responsible for the selective and active transport of ions, sugars, amino acids, and other molecules from one side of the membrane to the other, against their concentration gradient. This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Carrier proteins have a specific binding site for the molecule they transport, and undergo conformational changes upon binding, which allows them to move the molecule across the membrane. Once the molecule has been transported, the carrier protein returns to its original conformation, ready to bind and transport another molecule.

Carrier proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ions and other molecules inside and outside of cells, and are essential for many physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and nutrient uptake.

'Plant infertility' is not a standard medical term, as it is typically used in the context of agriculture and plant biology. However, I can provide you with a general definition related to this context:

Plant infertility refers to the inability of a plant to produce viable seeds, fruits, or propagules due to various factors affecting its reproductive system. These factors may include genetic disorders, environmental stressors (such as extreme temperatures, drought, or nutrient deficiencies), pathogens, pests, or poor pollination. In some cases, assisted reproduction techniques, such as hand-pollination or embryo rescue, might be employed to overcome infertility issues in plants.

'Brassica' is a term used in botanical nomenclature, specifically within the family Brassicaceae. It refers to a genus of plants that includes various vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and mustard greens. These plants are known for their nutritional value and health benefits. They contain glucosinolates, which have been studied for their potential anti-cancer properties. However, it is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic category used in the biological sciences.

In the context of medical terminology, "germination" is not typically used as a term to describe a physiological process in humans or animals. It is primarily used in the field of botany to refer to the process by which a seed or spore sprouts and begins to grow into a new plant.

However, if you are referring to the concept of germination in the context of bacterial or viral growth, then it could be defined as:

The process by which bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms become active and start to multiply, often after a period of dormancy or latency. This can occur when the microorganisms encounter favorable conditions, such as moisture, warmth, or nutrients, that allow them to grow and reproduce. In medical contexts, this term is more commonly used in relation to infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.

Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.

Asteraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the daisy family or sunflower family. It is one of the largest and most diverse families of vascular plants, with over 1,900 genera and 32,000 species. The family includes a wide variety of plants, ranging from annual and perennial herbs to shrubs and trees.

The defining characteristic of Asteraceae is the presence of a unique type of inflorescence called a capitulum, which resembles a single flower but is actually composed of many small flowers (florets) arranged in a dense head. The florets are typically bisexual, with both male and female reproductive structures, and are radially symmetrical.

Asteraceae includes many economically important plants, such as sunflowers, daisies, artichokes, lettuce, chicory, and ragweed. Some species of Asteraceae are also used in traditional medicine and have been found to contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic uses.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of this family has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some genera and species have been moved to other families or renamed.

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

"Drought" is not a medical term. It is a term used in meteorology and environmental science to refer to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water shortage and scarcity in the affected areas. Droughts can have various impacts on human health, including dehydration, heat-related illnesses, reduced air quality, increased transmission of waterborne diseases, and mental health issues related to stress and displacement. However, drought itself is not a medical condition.

Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing various disciplines such as plant structure, function, evolution, diversity, distribution, ecology, and application. It involves examining different aspects like plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, systematics, and ethnobotany. The field of botany has contributed significantly to our understanding of the natural world, agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes, including seed dormancy, bud dormancy, leaf senescence, and response to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and cold temperatures. It is a sesquiterpene compound that is synthesized in plants primarily in response to environmental stimuli that trigger the onset of stress responses.

ABA functions by regulating gene expression, cell growth and development, and stomatal closure, which helps prevent water loss from plants under drought conditions. It also plays a role in the regulation of plant metabolism and the activation of defense mechanisms against pathogens and other environmental stressors. Overall, abscisic acid is an essential hormone that enables plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions and optimize their growth and development.

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.

Phytosterols are a type of plant-derived sterol that have a similar structure to cholesterol, a compound found in animal products. They are found in small quantities in many fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and vegetable oils. Phytosterols are known to help lower cholesterol levels by reducing the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the digestive system.

In medical terms, phytosterols are often referred to as "plant sterols" or "phytostanols." They have been shown to have a modest but significant impact on lowering LDL (or "bad") cholesterol levels when consumed in sufficient quantities, typically in the range of 2-3 grams per day. As a result, foods fortified with phytosterols are sometimes recommended as part of a heart-healthy diet for individuals with high cholesterol or a family history of cardiovascular disease.

It's worth noting that while phytosterols have been shown to be safe and effective in reducing cholesterol levels, they should not be used as a substitute for other lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management. Additionally, individuals with sitosterolemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of plant sterols in the body, should avoid consuming foods fortified with phytosterols.

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hordeum" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for barley in botany. If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!

"Pseudomonas syringae" is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is widely found in various environments, including water, soil, and plant surfaces. It is known to be a plant pathogen, causing diseases in a wide range of plants such as beans, peas, tomatoes, and other crops. The bacteria can infect plants through wounds or natural openings, leading to symptoms like spots on leaves, wilting, and dieback. Some strains of "P. syringae" are also associated with frost damage on plants, as they produce a protein that facilitates ice crystal formation at higher temperatures.

It's important to note that while "Pseudomonas syringae" can cause disease in plants, it is not typically considered a human pathogen and does not usually cause illness in humans.

Bryopsida is a class within the division Bryophyta, which includes the mosses. It is a large and diverse group that contains the majority of moss species. Members of this class are characterized by their stalked, spore-producing structures called sporangia, which are typically borne on specialized leaves called perichaetial leaves. The spores produced within these sporangia are released and can germinate to form new moss individuals.

It is important to note that the classification of plants, including mosses, has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some sources may use different terminology or groupings than what is described here. However, Bryopsida remains a widely recognized and well-established class within the mosses.

In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:

1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.

Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.

Disease resistance, in a medical context, refers to the inherent or acquired ability of an organism to withstand or limit infection by a pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This resistance can be due to various factors including the presence of physical barriers (e.g., intact skin), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid), and immune responses that recognize and eliminate the pathogen.

Inherited disease resistance is often determined by genetics, where certain genetic variations can make an individual more or less susceptible to a particular infection. For example, some people are naturally resistant to certain diseases due to genetic factors that prevent the pathogen from infecting their cells or replicating within them.

Acquired disease resistance can occur through exposure to a pathogen, which triggers an immune response that confers immunity or resistance to future infections by the same pathogen. This is the basis of vaccination, where a weakened or dead form of a pathogen is introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

Overall, disease resistance is an important factor in maintaining health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

A protoplast is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions, but rather it is a term commonly used in cell biology and botany. A protoplast refers to a plant or bacterial cell that has had its cell wall removed, leaving only the plasma membrane and the cytoplasmic contents, including organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, and other cellular structures.

Protoplasts can be created through enzymatic or mechanical means to isolate the intracellular components for various research purposes, such as studying membrane transport, gene transfer, or cell fusion. In some cases, protoplasts may be used in medical research, particularly in areas related to plant pathology and genetic engineering of plants for medical applications.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic plants, algae, and some bacteria. It plays an essential role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, primarily from the blue and red parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and converting it into chemical energy to fuel the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The structure of chlorophyll includes a porphyrin ring, which binds a central magnesium ion, and a long phytol tail. There are several types of chlorophyll, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which have distinct absorption spectra and slightly different structures. Chlorophyll is crucial for the process of photosynthesis, enabling the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy and the release of oxygen as a byproduct.

A meristem, in the context of plant biology, refers to a type of tissue found in plants that is responsible for their growth. These tissues are composed of cells that have the ability to divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types. Meristems are typically located at the tips of roots and shoots (apical meristems), as well as within the vascular bundles (cambial meristems) and in the cork layers (phellogen meristems). They contribute to the increase in length and girth of plant organs, allowing plants to grow throughout their life.

'Agrobacterium tumefaciens' is a gram-negative, soil-dwelling bacterium that is known for its ability to cause plant tumors or crown galls. It does this through the transfer and integration of a segment of DNA called the Ti (Tumor-inducing) plasmid into the plant's genome. This transferred DNA includes genes that encode enzymes for the production of opines, which serve as a nutrient source for the bacterium, and genes that cause unregulated plant cell growth leading to tumor formation.

This unique ability of 'Agrobacterium tumefaciens' to transfer and integrate foreign DNA into plants has been exploited in genetic engineering to create transgenic plants with desired traits. The Ti plasmid is often used as a vector to introduce new genes into the plant genome, making it an essential tool in plant biotechnology.

Plastids are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. They are responsible for various cellular functions, including photosynthesis, storage of starch, lipids, and proteins, and the production of pigments that give plants their color. The most common types of plastids are chloroplasts (which contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis), chromoplasts (which contain pigments such as carotenoids and are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of fruits and flowers), and leucoplasts (which do not contain pigments and serve mainly as storage organelles). Plastids have their own DNA and can replicate themselves within the cell.

Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small sap-sucking insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. They are soft-bodied and pear-shaped, with most species measuring less than 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) long.

Aphids feed on a wide variety of plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant's vascular system to extract phloem sap. This feeding can cause stunted growth, yellowing, curling, or distortion of leaves and flowers, and may even lead to the death of the plant in severe infestations.

Aphids reproduce rapidly and can produce several generations per year. Many species give birth to live young (nymphs) rather than laying eggs, which allows them to increase their population numbers quickly. Aphids also have a complex life cycle that may involve sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization), and winged or wingless forms.

Aphids are an important pest in agriculture and horticulture, causing significant damage to crops and ornamental plants. They can also transmit plant viruses and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that attracts ants and supports the growth of sooty mold fungi.

Controlling aphids may involve cultural practices such as pruning, watering, and removing weeds; biological control using natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps; or chemical control using insecticides.

Rhizobium is not a medical term, but rather a term used in microbiology and agriculture. It refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia, which can then be used by plants as a nutrient. These bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants (such as beans, peas, and clover) and form a symbiotic relationship with them.

The host plant provides Rhizobium with carbon sources and a protected environment within the root nodule, while the bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen. This mutualistic interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility and promoting plant growth.

While Rhizobium itself is not directly related to human health or medicine, understanding its symbiotic relationship with plants can have implications for agricultural practices, sustainable farming, and global food security.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trees" is not a medical term. It is a common term used in various fields, including biology, ecology, and dendrology, to refer to a woody perennial plant with a single stem or trunk that supports branches and leaves in most species.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more context so I can offer an accurate and helpful response.

Genetic transformation is the process by which an organism's genetic material is altered or modified, typically through the introduction of foreign DNA. This can be achieved through various techniques such as:

* Gene transfer using vectors like plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes
* Direct uptake of naked DNA using methods like electroporation or chemically-mediated transfection
* Use of genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 to introduce precise changes into the organism's genome.

The introduced DNA may come from another individual of the same species (cisgenic), from a different species (transgenic), or even be synthetically designed. The goal of genetic transformation is often to introduce new traits, functions, or characteristics that do not exist naturally in the organism, or to correct genetic defects.

This technique has broad applications in various fields, including molecular biology, biotechnology, and medical research, where it can be used to study gene function, develop genetically modified organisms (GMOs), create cell lines for drug screening, and even potentially treat genetic diseases through gene therapy.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.

VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.

It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.

'Cucumis sativus' is the scientific name for the vegetable we commonly know as a cucumber. It belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and is believed to have originated in South Asia. Cucumbers are widely consumed raw in salads, pickled, or used in various culinary applications. They have a high water content and contain various nutrients such as vitamin K, vitamin C, and potassium.

Cytokinins are a type of plant growth hormone that play a crucial role in cell division, differentiation, and growth. They were first discovered in 1950s and named for their ability to promote cytokinesis, the process of cell division. Cytokinins belong to a class of compounds called adenine derivatives, which are structurally similar to nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

Cytokinins are produced in the roots and shoots of plants and are transported throughout the plant via the vascular system. They have been shown to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development, including shoot initiation, leaf expansion, apical dominance, and senescence. Cytokinins also interact with other hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid to modulate plant responses to environmental stresses.

Cytokinins have been used in horticulture and agriculture to enhance crop yields, improve plant quality, and delay senescence. They are also being studied for their potential role in human health, particularly in the context of cancer research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydroponics" is not a medical term. It is an agricultural technique and term. Hydroponics refers to the practice of growing plants in nutrient-rich water solutions, without soil. This method allows plants to obtain their necessary nutrients directly from the water, which is enriched with dissolved minerals. Common hydroponic systems include wick systems, deep water culture, nutrient film technique, ebb and flow system, aeroponics, and drip systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mustard Plant" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Mustard plants are actually a type of crop plant from the Brassicaceae family, which also includes vegetables like broccoli and cabbage. The seeds from these plants are often ground to make mustard condiments and spices. If you're looking for information related to potential medicinal uses or health effects of mustard plants or their derivatives, I would be happy to help with that.

Physiological stress is a response of the body to a demand or threat that disrupts homeostasis and activates the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This results in the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and noradrenaline, which prepare the body for a "fight or flight" response. Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, heightened sensory perception, and increased alertness are some of the physiological changes that occur during this response. Chronic stress can have negative effects on various bodily functions, including the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order in the classification of living things, also known as "true bugs." This group includes species such as cicadas, aphids, and bedbugs. If you have a medical term in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Endophytes are microorganisms, typically bacteria or fungi, that live inside the tissues of plants without causing any visible disease or harm to the plant. They can be found in almost all plant species and are known to exist in a mutualistic relationship with their host plants. Endophytes can provide various benefits to the plants such as growth promotion, increased resistance to pathogens, and protection against herbivores. Some endophytic fungi also produce bioactive compounds that have potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.

"Solanaceae" is not a medical term but a taxonomic category in biology, referring to the Nightshade family of plants. This family includes several plants that have economic and medicinal importance, as well as some that are toxic or poisonous. Some common examples of plants in this family include:

- Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
- Solanum tuberosum (potato)
- Capsicum annuum (bell pepper and chili pepper)
- Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)
- Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)
- Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)

While Solanaceae isn't a medical term itself, certain plants within this family have medical significance. For instance, some alkaloids found in these plants can be used as medications or pharmaceutical precursors, such as atropine and scopolamine from Atropa belladonna, hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger, and capsaicin from Capsicum species. However, it's important to note that many of these plants also contain toxic compounds, so they must be handled with care and used only under professional supervision.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

'Bryophyta' is the formal scientific name for a division of non-vascular plants that includes mosses. These plants are small, typically range in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters, and lack true roots, stems, and leaves. They have simple reproductive structures and obtain water and nutrients directly from the environment through their body surfaces. Mosses are an important part of many ecosystems, particularly in damp or shaded habitats, where they play a role in soil stabilization, nutrient cycling, and water retention.

Ferns are a group of vascular plants that reproduce by means of spores rather than seeds. They are characterized by their frond-like leaves and lack of flowers or fruits. Ferns have been around for millions of years, with some fossilized ferns dating back to the Devonian period, over 360 million years ago.

Ferns are an important part of many ecosystems, particularly in tropical rainforests where they provide habitat and food for a variety of animals. They also play a role in soil erosion control and nutrient cycling.

Medically, some ferns have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as bracken fern which has been used to treat wounds, burns, and skin diseases. However, it is important to note that not all ferns are safe for consumption or use as medicines, and some can be toxic if ingested or applied topically. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant-based remedies.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Plant Dispersal" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a concept from botany and ecology that refers to the means by which plants distribute their seeds or spores to new locations, enhancing their chances of colonizing new habitats and ensuring genetic diversity.

If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help. Please provide more information so I can better assist you.

Ascomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, also known as sac fungi. This group includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as yeasts, mold species, and morel mushrooms. Ascomycetes are characterized by their reproductive structures called ascus, which contain typically eight haploid spores produced sexually through a process called ascogony. Some members of this phylum have significant ecological and economic importance, as they can be decomposers, mutualistic symbionts, or plant pathogens causing various diseases. Examples include the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, and morel mushroom Morchella esculenta.

Xylem is a term used in the field of botany and plant anatomy, but I understand you're asking for a medical definition. In human anatomy, there isn't a direct structure equivalent to xylem. However, I can provide the general definition of xylem from its botanical context:

Xylem is one of the two types of vascular tissues in plants (the other being phloem). It is responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers. Xylem consists of several types of cells, including vessels, tracheids, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. The transportation in xylem occurs due to the cohesion-tension mechanism, where water is pulled up through the plant via transpiration pull.

Gibberellins (GAs) are a type of plant hormones that regulate various growth and developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination of seeds, leaf expansion, and flowering. They are a large family of diterpenoid compounds that are synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) in the plastids and then modified through a series of enzymatic reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm.

GAs exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, which activate downstream signaling pathways that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and cellular responses. The biosynthesis and perception of GAs are tightly regulated, and disruptions in these processes can result in various developmental abnormalities and growth disorders in plants.

In addition to their role in plant growth and development, GAs have also been implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes, such as stress tolerance, nutrient uptake, and senescence. They have also attracted interest as potential targets for crop improvement, as modulating GA levels and sensitivity can enhance traits such as yield, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance.

'Medicago sativa' is the scientific name for a plant species more commonly known as alfalfa. In a medical context, alfalfa is often considered a herbal supplement and its medicinal properties include being a source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as kidney problems, asthma, arthritis, and high cholesterol levels. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of alfalfa for these uses is not conclusively established by scientific research and its use may have potential risks or interactions with certain medications. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The name "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek words "gymnos," meaning naked, and "sperma," meaning seed. This refers to the fact that the seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit, but are exposed on the surface of modified leaves called cones or strobili.

Gymnosperms are vascular plants, which means they have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant. They are also heterosporous, meaning that they produce two types of spores: male microspores and female megaspores. The microspores develop into male gametophytes, which produce sperm cells, while the megaspores develop into female gametophytes, which produce egg cells.

Gymnosperms are an important group of plants that have been around for millions of years. They are adapted to a wide range of environments, from temperate forests to deserts and high mountain ranges. Many gymnosperms are evergreen, with needle-like or scale-like leaves that are able to resist drought and cold temperatures.

Conifers, which include trees such as pines, firs, spruces, and redwoods, are the most diverse and widespread group of gymnosperms. They are characterized by their woody cones and needle-shaped leaves. Cycads are another group of gymnosperms that are found in tropical and subtropical regions. They have large, stiff leaves and produce large seeds that are enclosed in a fleshy covering. Ginkgo is a unique gymnosperm that has been around for over 200 million years. It is a deciduous tree with fan-shaped leaves and large, naked seeds.

Gnetophytes are a small group of gymnosperms that include the ephedra, welwitschia, and gnetum. They have unique features such as vessels in their wood and motile sperm cells, which are not found in other gymnosperms.

Overall, gymnosperms are an important group of plants that have adapted to a wide range of environments and play a crucial role in many ecosystems.

I believe there might be some confusion in your question. "Nuclear power plants" and "medical definitions" are two separate concepts that don't typically intersect.

A nuclear power plant is a facility that utilizes the process of nuclear fission to generate electricity on a large scale. In a nuclear power plant, heat is produced when a neutron strikes the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, causing it to split and release energy. This heat is used to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator.

On the other hand, medical definitions pertain to terms related to medicine, healthcare, human health conditions, treatments, and procedures.

If you have any questions about nuclear medicine, which is a branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive materials to diagnose and treat various diseases, I would be happy to help with that.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."

A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.

"Plantago" is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as plantains. There are several species within this genus, including Plantago major (common plantain) and Plantago lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain), which are found in many parts of the world. These plants have been used in traditional medicine for their alleged healing properties, such as soothing skin irritations, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. However, it is important to note that the medical community's scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and further research is needed before any definitive health benefits can be attributed to Plantago species.

African traditional medicine (ATM) refers to the practices and beliefs regarding both physical and spiritual health and well-being that are indigenous to Africa. It includes various forms of healing, such as herbalism, spiritualism, and ancestral veneration, which may be practiced by traditional healers, including herbalists, diviners, and traditional birth attendants. These practices are often closely intertwined with the cultural, religious, and social beliefs of the community. It's important to note that the specific practices and beliefs can vary widely among different African cultures and communities.

An Asparagus plant, scientifically known as *Asparagus officinalis*, is a perennial vegetable that belongs to the family *Asparagaceae*. It is native to Europe and western Asia. The plant is characterized by its long, thin green spears that grow out of the ground. These spears are harvested and eaten as a spring vegetable. The plant also produces fern-like foliage and small red berries. Asparagus is rich in nutrients, including fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, and folate. It is also a good source of antioxidants.

A cotyledon is a seed leaf in plants, which is part of the embryo within the seed. Cotyledons are often referred to as "seed leaves" because they are the first leaves to emerge from the seed during germination and provide nutrients to the developing plant until it can produce its own food through photosynthesis.

In some plants, such as monocotyledons, there is only one cotyledon, while in other plants, such as dicotyledons, there are two cotyledons. The number of cotyledons is a characteristic that is used to classify different types of plants.

Cotyledons serve important functions during the early stages of plant growth, including providing energy and nutrients to the developing plant, protecting the embryo, and helping to anchor the seed in the soil. Once the plant has established its root system and begun to produce true leaves through photosynthesis, the cotyledons may wither or fall off, depending on the species.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Lamiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically it is a family of flowering plants that includes many familiar herbs such as mint, rosemary, sage, basil, and lavender. These plants are often used in medicine, cooking, and for ornamental purposes. The Lamiaceae family is characterized by their square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped flowers.

Ethnopharmacology is a branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of traditional medicines and their active components, as well as the cultural, historical, and social practices surrounding their use. It involves the interdisciplinary investigation of indigenous knowledge, beliefs, and customs related to medicinal plants and other natural remedies.

The main objectives of ethnopharmacology include:

1. Identifying and documenting traditional medicines and healing practices used by various cultures around the world.
2. Investigating the pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of these traditional remedies, often through laboratory experiments and clinical trials.
3. Evaluating the safety, efficacy, and quality of traditional medicines to establish their potential therapeutic value in modern healthcare settings.
4. Promoting the sustainable use of natural resources and preserving indigenous knowledge and cultural heritage related to traditional medicine.
5. Fostering collaboration between scientists, healthcare professionals, and local communities to develop new drugs, therapies, and treatment approaches based on traditional medicines.

Examples of ethnopharmacological research include studying the active ingredients in Ayurvedic herbs, evaluating the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulations, and investigating the potential benefits of psychoactive plants used in shamanic rituals.

I apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. "Soil microbiology" is not a medical term; rather, it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms in soil. It involves understanding the diversity, ecology, and biochemistry of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microscopic life forms found in soil. This field has applications in agriculture, environmental science, and waste management but is not directly related to medical definitions or human health.

'Cucurbita' is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. This genus includes several species of plants that are commonly known as squashes or gourds, such as pumpkins, zucchinis, and acorn squashes. The fruits of these plants are widely cultivated and consumed for their nutritional value and versatility in cooking.

The name 'Cucurbita' comes from the Latin word for "gourd" or "pumpkin." Plants in this genus are native to the Americas, with some species originating in Mexico and Central America and others in the southern United States. They have been cultivated by humans for thousands of years and are an important part of many traditional diets around the world.

In a medical context, 'Cucurbita' may be mentioned in relation to the use of certain species as traditional remedies or in nutritional studies. For example, pumpkin seeds have been used in traditional medicine to treat parasitic infections, and some research suggests that they may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, it is important to note that the scientific evidence for these potential health benefits is still limited, and more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Helianthus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for sunflowers in the family Asteraceae. Sunflowers are native to North America and are known for their large, daisy-like flowers and tall stems. They have various uses, including ornamental purposes, food (seeds and oil), and medicinal applications in some traditional systems of medicine. However, there isn't a widely accepted medical definition associated with the term "Helianthus."

A hypocotyl is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in the field of botany, which is a branch of biology that deals with the study of plants. Therefore, I'd be happy to provide you with a definition of hypocotyl in a botanical context:

The hypocotyl is the portion of the embryo or seedling of a plant that lies between the cotyledons (the embryonic leaves) and the radicle (the embryonic root). In other words, it is the stem-like structure that connects the shoot and the root systems in a developing plant.

When a seed germinates, the hypocotyl elongates and pushes the cotyledons upward through the soil, allowing the young plant to emerge into the light. The hypocotyl can vary in length depending on the species of plant, and its growth is influenced by various environmental factors such as light and temperature.

While the term "hypocotyl" may not be commonly used in medical contexts, understanding basic botanical concepts like this one can still be useful for healthcare professionals who work with patients who have plant-related allergies or other health issues related to plants.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

'Agrobacterium' is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are known for their ability to genetically transform plants. The most well-known species in this genus is 'Agrobacterium tumefaciens,' which causes a plant disease called crown gall. This bacterium has the natural ability to transfer a portion of its own DNA (called T-DNA) into the plant's genome, leading to the overproduction of certain plant hormones and ultimately resulting in the formation of tumor-like growths on the infected plant tissue.

This unique ability to transfer genetic material between species has made 'Agrobacterium' a valuable tool in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Scientists can use this bacterium as a vector to introduce foreign DNA into plants, allowing for the study and manipulation of plant genes. This technique is widely used in research and agriculture to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desired traits such as resistance to pests, improved nutritional content, or increased yield.

"Phaseolus" is a term that refers to a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae, also known as the pea family. The most common and well-known species in this genus is "Phaseolus vulgaris," which is commonly called the common bean. This includes many familiar varieties such as kidney beans, black beans, navy beans, pinto beans, and green beans.

These plants are native to the Americas and have been cultivated for thousands of years for their edible seeds (beans) and pods (green beans). They are an important source of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals in many diets around the world.

It's worth noting that "Phaseolus" is a taxonomic term used in the scientific classification of plants, and it does not have a specific medical definition. However, the beans from these plants do have various health benefits and potential medicinal properties, such as being associated with reduced risk of heart disease, improved gut health, and better blood sugar control.

A caulimovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects plants. It is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus, which means that its genetic material is composed of a pair of DNA strands. Caulimoviruses are named after the type species of the group, Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV).

Caulimoviruses are unique among dsDNA viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate, using a reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA copies of their genome. This is similar to the way that retroviruses, which infect animals, replicate.

Caulimoviruses are relatively large viruses, with genomes ranging in size from about 7 to 8 kilobases (kb). They have a complex structure, with several proteins encoded by their genome that are involved in various aspects of the virus's replication and assembly.

Caulimoviruses infect a wide range of plant hosts, including many important crops such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, and pepper. They can cause serious diseases in these plants, leading to significant economic losses. There are no known caulimovirus infections of humans or other animals.

'Brassica napus' is the scientific name for a species of plant that includes both rapeseed and canola. It is a type of cruciferous vegetable that is widely cultivated for its seeds, which are used to produce oil, as well as for its leaves and stems, which are eaten as vegetables in some parts of the world.

Rapeseed oil, which is produced from the seeds of 'Brassica napus', has historically been used as a source of industrial lubricant and as a fuel for diesel engines. However, modern canola oil, which is also produced from 'Brassica napus' but has been bred to have lower levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates, is more commonly used as a food oil due to its mild flavor and high smoke point.

The leaves and stems of 'Brassica napus' are also edible and are commonly consumed in parts of Europe and Asia. They can be prepared in a variety of ways, including boiling, steaming, or stir-frying. The plant is also sometimes used as a cover crop or green manure due to its ability to improve soil health and reduce erosion.

'Medicago truncatula' is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a plant species. It is commonly known as barrel medic or yellow trefoil and is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a model organism in the field of plant genetics and molecular biology due to its small genome size and ease of transformation. While it does not have direct medical applications, studies on this plant can contribute to our understanding of fundamental biological processes and may have indirect implications for human health.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

Host-pathogen interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationship between a living organism (the host) and a disease-causing agent (the pathogen). This interaction can involve various molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that occur between the two entities. The outcome of this interaction can determine whether the host will develop an infection or not, as well as the severity and duration of the illness.

During host-pathogen interactions, the pathogen may release virulence factors that allow it to evade the host's immune system, colonize tissues, and obtain nutrients for its survival and replication. The host, in turn, may mount an immune response to recognize and eliminate the pathogen, which can involve various mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and the production of antimicrobial agents.

Understanding the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. This knowledge can help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions, inform vaccine design, and guide public health policies to control the spread of infectious agents.

In the context of medical definitions, 'carbon' is not typically used as a standalone term. Carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, which is naturally abundant in the human body and the environment. It is a crucial component of all living organisms, forming the basis of organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with various elements, allowing for the creation of complex molecules that are essential to life. In this sense, carbon is a fundamental building block of life on Earth. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as an isolated term.

'Botrytis' is a genus of saprophytic fungi that are commonly known as "gray mold" or "noble rot." The term is used to describe various species within the Botrytis genus, but the most well-known and economically significant species is Botrytis cinerea.

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that can infect and cause decay in a wide range of plant hosts, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. The fungus typically enters the host through wounds, dead tissue, or natural openings such as stomata. Once inside, it produces enzymes that break down plant cells, allowing it to feed on the decaying matter.

In some cases, Botrytis cinerea can cause significant economic losses in agricultural crops, particularly when conditions are conducive to its growth and spread, such as high humidity and cool temperatures. However, the fungus is also responsible for the production of some highly valued wines, such as Sauternes and Tokaji Aszú, where it infects grapes and causes them to dehydrate and shrivel, concentrating their sugars and flavors. This process is known as "noble rot" and can result in complex, richly flavored wines with distinctive aromas and flavors.

'Embryophyta' is a taxonomic group that includes land plants, also known as embryophytes. This group consists of the bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), tracheophytes (vascular plants), and a few extinct plant groups. The defining characteristic of embryophytes is their alternation of generations life cycle, which includes a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation that produces spores through meiosis, and a multicellular haploid gametophyte generation that produces gametes through mitosis. The term 'Embryophyta' is used to distinguish land plants from their algal ancestors, which are classified in separate taxonomic groups.

Glucuronidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucuronic acid from various substrates, including molecules that have been conjugated with glucuronic acid as part of the detoxification process in the body. This enzyme plays a role in the breakdown and elimination of certain drugs, toxins, and endogenous compounds, such as bilirubin. It is found in various tissues and organisms, including humans, bacteria, and insects. In clinical contexts, glucuronidase activity may be measured to assess liver function or to identify the presence of certain bacterial infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "lettuce" is not a medical term. It is a type of vegetable that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is commonly used in salads and sandwiches due to its crisp leaves and mild flavor. If you have any questions about lettuce or its nutritional value, I would be happy to help with that instead.

Oomycetes, also known as water molds or downy mildews, are a group of primarily aquatic, filamentous microorganisms. They were once classified as fungi due to their similar morphology and ecological roles, but they are now known to be more closely related to brown algae and diatoms.

Oomycetes have cell walls made of cellulose and unique osmotically active compounds called cell wall glycoproteins. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, producing structures such as zoospores that can swim through water to find new hosts. Oomycetes are parasites or saprophytes, feeding on other organisms or dead organic matter.

Some oomycetes are important plant pathogens, causing diseases such as potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) and sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum). They can cause significant damage to crops and natural ecosystems, making them a focus of study in plant pathology.

... , also known as plant LTPs or PLTPs, are a group of highly-conserved proteins of about 7-9kDa ... Kader JC (June 1996). "Lipid-Transfer Protein in Plants". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 47: ... LTPs are known to be pathogenesis-related proteins, i.e. proteins produced for pathogen defense by plants. Some LTPs are known ... In animals, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, also called plasma lipid transfer protein, is a plasma protein that facilitates ...
Plant seed proteins are small hydrophilic proteins. They represent a subset of late embryogenesis abundant proteins, of Dure ... This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000389 (Protein pages needing a picture, Protein ... Bray EA (1993). "Molecular Responses to Water Deficit". Plant Physiol. 103 (4): 1035-1040. doi:10.1104/pp.103.4.1035. PMC ... subfamily D-19 or Bray group 1. These proteins contain from 73 to 153 amino acid residues and may play a role in equipping the ...
Plant proteins, All stub articles, Plant physiology stubs, Protein stubs). ... In molecular biology, the auxin binding protein family is a family of proteins which bind auxin. They are located in the lumen ... which could represent a signal for translocation of the protein to the ER. The mature protein comprises around 165 residues, ... Palme K, Hesse T, Campos N, Garbers C, Yanofsky MF, Schell J (February 1992). "Molecular analysis of an auxin binding protein ...
While most plants have a mean leaf protein content of 4 to 6% w/v. Fabaceae plants tend to have nearly double that value at 8 ... Enzyme treatment is another well reported method which targets the plant cell wall to aid the release of bound proteins. ... Fallen leaves / leaf litter have negligible protein-content and are of no extractive value. Plants belonging to the Fabaceae ... Virabalin, Rajanee; Kositup, B.; Punnapayak, H. (1993). "Leaf protein concentrate from water hyacinth". J. Aquat. Plant Manage ...
PCC 6803 at low temperature". Plant Physiol. 123 (1): 215-22. doi:10.1104/pp.123.1.215. PMC 58995. PMID 10806238. Zak E, ... which mediates protein-protein interactions. Zak E, Pakrasi HB (May 2000). "The BtpA protein stabilizes the reaction center ... In molecular biology, the BtpA protein family is a family of proteins which includes BtpA. BtpA appears to play a role in the ... This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR005137 (Protein pages needing a picture, Protein ...
... and Accumulated in the Vacuolar Type-II Protein Bodies of Transgenic Rice Endosperm". Plant Physiology. 109 (3): 777-786. doi: ... Seed storage proteins, All stub articles, Protein stubs). ... Phaseolin-containing plant extracts are used because of this ... Zheng Z, Sumi K, Tanaka K, Murai N (November 1995). "The Bean Seed Storage Protein [beta]-Phaseolin Is Synthesized, Processed, ... Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 33 (2-3): 227-9. doi:10.1007/BF01091313. Osborne TB (1894). "The Proteids of the Kidney Bean ...
Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, 2005 in science, Plant proteins, Protein domains). ... Overall, these complex WRKY protein domain-DNA interactions results in gene activation necessary for numerous aspects of plant ... WRKY transcription factors contain either one or two WRKY protein domains. The WRKY protein domain is 60 to 70 amino acids long ... They appear absent in other non-plant species. WRKY transcription factors have been a significant area of plant research for ...
Rice and Maize Proteins: The Compendium of Crop Proteins with Annotated Locations (cropPAL)". Plant & Cell Physiology. 57 (1): ... Tang S, Li T, Cong P, Xiong W, Wang Z, Sun J (July 2013). "PlantLoc: an accurate web server for predicting plant protein ... doi:10.1093/protein/gzh037. PMID 15115854. Bendtsen JD, Kiemer L, Fausbøll A, Brunak S (October 2005). "Non-classical protein ... Yu CS, Chen YC, Lu CH, Hwang JK (August 2006). "Prediction of protein subcellular localization". Proteins. 64 (3): 643-51. doi: ...
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain animals, plants, ... Griffith M, Yaish MW (August 2004). "Antifreeze proteins in overwintering plants: a tale of two activities". Trends in Plant ... The classification of AFPs became more complicated when antifreeze proteins from plants were discovered. Plant AFPs are rather ... Urrutia ME, Duman JG, Knight CA (May 1992). "Plant thermal hysteresis proteins". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein ...
"Functional analysis in yeast of cDNA coding for the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein of higher plants". Proc. Natl. ... Iron-sulfur proteins, Protein domains, Peripheral membrane proteins). ... Rieske proteins are iron-sulfur protein (ISP) components of cytochrome bc1 complexes and cytochrome b6f complexes and are ... Rieske and co-workers first discovered the protein and in 1964 isolated an acetylated form of the bovine mitochondrial protein ...
... is common among all clades of life, including all animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and archaea. The ... Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation ... protein A phosphorylates protein B, and B phosphorylates C. However, in another signaling pathway, protein D phosphorylates A, ... plays an important role in the regulation of protein-protein interactions in the enzyme. Important in protein degradation. In ...
Stearl-acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase from Spinach Chloroplasts". Plant Physiology. 54 (4): 484-486. doi:10.1104/pp.54.4.484. ... Shanklin J, Somerville C (1991). "Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase from higher plants is structurally unrelated to the ... Schultz, D; Suh, M.; Ohlrogge (2000). "Stearoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein and Unusual Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase ... "Modification of the fatty acid composition of Escherichia coli by coexpression of a plant acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase ...
April 2014). "The Cyanobacterial Photoactive Orange Carotenoid Protein Is an Excellent Singlet Oxygen Quencher". The Plant Cell ... Orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a water-soluble protein which plays a role in photoprotection in diverse cyanobacteria. It ... July 2017). "Additional families of orange carotenoid proteins in the photoprotective system of cyanobacteria". Nature Plants. ... Another protein, the fluorescence recovery protein (FRP), interacts with the CTD in OCPR and catalyzes the reaction which ...
"A major allergen from pollen defines a novel family of plant proteins and shows intra- and interspecies [correction of ... This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR012946 (Protein pages needing a picture, Protein ... Simpson C, Thomas C, Findlay K, Bayer E, Maule AJ (2009). "An Arabidopsis GPI-anchor plasmodesmal neck protein with callose ... Families, modules, and implications for genomics". Plant Physiol. 124 (4): 1515-9. doi:10.1104/pp.124.4.1515. PMC 1539306. PMID ...
Wittenberg G, Danon A (2008). "Disulfide bond formation in chloroplasts". Plant Science. 175 (4): 459-466. doi:10.1016/j. ... Protein disulfide-isomerase has been found to be involved in the breaking of bonds on the HIV gp120 protein during HIV ... More specifically, protein disulfide-isomerase can no longer fix misfolded proteins once its thiol group in its active site has ... Perri ER, Thomas CJ, Parakh S, Spencer DM, Atkin JD (2016). "The Unfolded Protein Response and the Role of Protein Disulfide ...
"Plant glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins at the plasma membrane-cell wall nexus: Plant GPI-anchored proteins". ... Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated proteins (glycoproteins) found in the cell walls of plants. Each one ... Found throughout the entire plant lineage, land plants are suggested to have inherited and diversified the existing AGP protein ... a secreted arabinogalactan protein, is related to a family of basic proline-rich proteins". Plant Molecular Biology. 45 (4): ...
Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 2000. 51:223-56 v t e (Protein kinases, EC 2.7, All stub articles, EC 2.7 stubs). ... VirA is a protein histidine kinase which senses certain sugars and phenolic compounds. These compounds are typically found from ... Agrobacterium and plant genes involved in T-DNA transfer and integration - Annu. Rev. ... wounded plants, and as a result VirA is used by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to locate potential host organisms for infection. ...
... (EREBP) is a homeobox gene from Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants which encodes ... EREBP is responsible in part for mediating the response in plants to the plant hormone ethylene. Allen MD, Yamasaki K, Ohme- ... GCC box DNA-binding protein interacts with an ocs element binding protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5961-6. ... ethylene-responsive+element+binding+protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e ( ...
Another motor protein essential for plant cell division is kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP), which is unique to ... Many of these plant-specific kinesin groups are specialized for functions during plant cell mitosis. Plant cells differ from ... MBInfo - What are Motor Proteins? Ron Vale's Seminar: "Molecular Motor Proteins" Biology of Motor Proteins Institute for ... plants and part kinesin and part myosin. Besides the motor proteins above, there are many more types of proteins capable of ...
In plant cells environmental stimuli, which light, pathogens, hormones, and abiotic stresses, elicit changes in the cytosolic ... a member of Ser/Thr protein kinases that interact with the calcineurin B-like Ca-binding proteins. These two proteins contain a ... The rat protein YT521-B, SWISSPROT, is a tyrosine-phosphorylated nuclear protein, that interacts with the nuclear ... This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR007275 (Protein pages needing a picture, Protein ...
F-box proteins are involved in many plant vegetative and reproduction growth and development. For example, F-box protein-FOA1 ... interacts directly with the SCF protein Skp1. F-box domains commonly exist in proteins in cancer with other protein-protein ... F-box proteins are proteins containing at least one F-box domain. The first identified F-box protein is one of three components ... F-box domain is a protein structural motif of about 50 amino acids that mediates protein-protein interactions. It has consensus ...
... a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth and development". Plant J. 18 (2): 215-22. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00444 ... Protein pages needing a picture, Protein families, Protein domains, Transcription factors). ... The TCP proteins code for structurally related proteins implicated in the evolution of key morphological traits. However, the ... This domain is also found in two rice DNA-binding proteins, PCF1 and PCF2, where it has been shown to be involved in DNA- ...
S65T-type green fluorescent protein in living plants". The Plant Journal. 18 (4): 455-63. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00464.x ... Protein methods, Recombinant proteins, Cell imaging, Protein imaging, Fluorescent proteins, Bioluminescence, Cnidarian proteins ... Using SRL digital cameras in quantitative investigations of plants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)". planted.botany. ... The natural protein has 238 amino acids. Its molecular mass is 27 kD. Therefore, fusing the GFP gene to the gene of a protein ...
... roles of OCP and IsiA proteins". The Plant Cell. 19 (2): 656-72. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.045351. PMC 1867334. PMID 17307930. Havaux ... Universal protein resource accession number Q55274 for "Iron stress-induced chlorophyll-binding protein" at UniProt. (Protein ... Iron-starvation-induced protein A, also known as isiA, is a photosynthesis-related chlorophyll-containing protein found in ... It belongs to the chlorophyll-a/b-binding family of proteins, and has been shown to have a photoprotection role in preventing ...
Research in 1997 shown that TCTP is not a tumor- or tissue-specific protein, but is expressed ubiquitously from plants to ... Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TPT1 gene. TPT1 is mapped to ... Many of these protein-protein interactions have been validated, albeit only few received an in-depth structural ... TCTP is a 20-25 kDa protein abundantly and ubiquitously expressed in the cell. The protein is transcribed in more than 500 ...
BMC Plant Biology. 13: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-13-36. PMC 3610141. PMID 23452619. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM ... Twinkle protein also known as twinkle mtDNA helicase is a mitochondrial protein that in humans is encoded by the TWNK gene ( ... The gene encodes for a protein that has a full-length of 684 units of amino acids. The twinkle protein consists of 3 functional ... The TWNK gene makes two proteins, Twinkle and Twinky. The proteins Twinkle and Twinky are both found in the mitochondria. Each ...
Also see DNA damage theory of aging.) Ku70 and Ku80 have also been experimentally characterized in plants, where they appear to ... Protein pages needing a picture, Genes on human chromosome 22, Protein families, DNA repair, Protein domains, DNA-binding ... Dynan WS, Yoo S (April 1998). "Interaction of Ku protein and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit with nucleic acids ... Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining ( ...
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are proteins produced in plants in the event of a pathogen attack. They are induced as part ... Grouping these proteins by their sequence features allows for finding potential allergenic proteins from sequenced plant ... Many proteins found in wine are grape pathogen-related proteins. Those include thaumatin-like proteins and chitinases. Many ... As PR proteins are produced when plant tissue is stressed, various ways of stress signaling is used to "bait" the plant into ...
In Arabidopsis thaliana (a plant), there is one structural homolog: Like Heterochromatin Protein 1 (LHP1), also known as ... The HP1 protein isoforms are required for DNA repair of these damages. The presence of the HP1 protein isoforms at DNA damages ... February 1991). "A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants". Nucleic ... The family of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) consists of highly conserved proteins, which have ...
The Plant Cell. 22 (2): 454-467. doi:10.1105/tpc.109.071738. PMC 2845413. PMID 20139160. Sakash JB, Kantrowitz ER (September ... A tetrameric protein is a protein with a quaternary structure of four subunits (tetrameric). Homotetramers have four identical ... For homotetrameric proteins such as Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), the structure is believed to have evolved going from a ... "GO term: protein homotetramerization". YeastGenome. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011. "GO ...
Plant lipid transfer proteins, also known as plant LTPs or PLTPs, are a group of highly-conserved proteins of about 7-9kDa ... Kader JC (June 1996). "Lipid-Transfer Protein in Plants". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 47: ... LTPs are known to be pathogenesis-related proteins, i.e. proteins produced for pathogen defense by plants. Some LTPs are known ... In animals, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, also called plasma lipid transfer protein, is a plasma protein that facilitates ...
... but the ability to use fermentation on protein isolates and concentrates has been a critical recent development, a fermentation ... Traditional fermentation has been done on plants to create products like tempeh or sauerkraut for many years, ... Why is it difficult to add plant-proteins into foods?​. HB: Plant proteins can add off flavours to a food - some of which ... by adding a plant-based protein, for example.. Sometimes, they have a specific plant protein substrate they want to use. ...
The new line includes insects as well as plant protein from fava beans and millet. ... Nestlé Purina is launching pet food that builds on alternative proteins to make better use of the planets resources. ... Purina launches pet food with plant and insect proteins. Share this page ... The new line includes insects as well as plant protein from fava beans and millet. ...
Cell wall proteins (CWPs) [...] Read more. Plant cell walls mostly comprise polysaccharides and proteins. The composition of ... Plant cell wall proteins play major roles during plant development and in response to environmental cues. A bioinformatic ... Plant cell wall proteins play major roles during plant development and in response to environmental cues. A bioinformatic ... They may also contribute to the supra-molecular assembly of cell walls via protein/protein or protein/polysaccharide ...
Little is known about the selection of regulatory mechanisms for plant microRNAs. Now a Dicer partnering protein, DRB2, is ... Here we show that the form of regulatory action directed by a plant miRNA is determined by DRB2, a DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1) ... In contrast, the selection of regulatory mechanisms is independent of the degree of mismatch between a plant miRNA and its ... However, the components and mechanism(s) that determine whether a plant miRNA ultimately regulates its targets by guiding ...
Life sciences/Biochemistry/Plant biochemistry/Plant proteins * /Applied sciences and engineering/Risk management/Risk reduction ... Plant-based protein intake may reduce kidney disease risk Peer-Reviewed Publication National Kidney Foundation ... image: Visual Abstract for "Association of Plant Protein Intake With Risk of Incident CKD: A UK Biobank Study" by Ga Young Heo ... Using the UK biobank study data, the researchers found that participants with a higher plant protein intake had a lower risk of ...
... plant-based dairy, shakes, energy bars, cereals and baked goods. ... is sustainable plant-based protein that can improve a huge ... CanolaPRO® is a sustainable, plant-based protein source from the canola (or rapeseed) plant that improves vegan and vegetarian ... Plant-based alternative protein products. DSM offers an integrated portfolio of solutions for great taste, texture, and ... What if we could take one of the worlds most common plants…and unlock the protein within to create a whole new generation of ...
Conserved Protein Domain Family RRM1_SF2_plant_like, This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SF2, also termed SR1 protein, a ... plant serine/arginine (SR)-rich phosphoprotein similar to the mammalian splicing factor SF2/ASF ... This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SF2, also termed SR1 protein, a plant serine/arginine (SR)-rich phosphoprotein similar ... cd12599: RRM1_SF2_plant_like Download alignment. RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in plant pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2 and ...
Asia Pacific to be the Fastest Growing Region in the Global Plant-Based Proteins Market during 2017 - 2025 ... ... Asia Pacific to be the Fastest Growing Region in the Global Plant-Based Proteins Market during 2017 - 2025 ... ... The global plant based proteins market is segmented by product type (soy protein, wheat protein, pea protein and others), by ... Global Plant-Based Proteins Market: Dynamics. As per market scrutiny, the global plant-based proteins market is currently ...
New research shows that humans may have difficulty in taking up certain proteins from plant-based products. ... Only some plants sources such as buckwheat, quinoa and soy are protein "complete"; the majority of plants contain only some of ... While humans lack the enzyme to digest cellulose from plants, how good are we at taking up proteins from plant-based meat ... shows how proteins from plant-based meat substitutes may not be as accessible to human cells as proteins from animal meat. ...
The first molecular farming dairy startup in the Asia-Pacific region turns plant crop cells into dairy proteins ... The first molecular farming dairy startup in the Asia-Pacific region turns plant crop cells into dairy proteins. ... What Miruku has developed is a method of creating dairy proteins from plant cells. The process leverages molecular farming to ... The companys approach is different from other brands because it uses plant crops to turn their cells into dairy proteins, ...
Plant-based gourmet. Apart from rapid gains in the quick service sphere, plant-based food has made some major steps in the fine ... Healthier plant-based meats. As plant-based meats have grown in profile over the last several years, theres been persistent ... A lot of trends that we saw planting seeds last year have come to fruition, from the explosion of new plant oils and milks to ... 11 Plant-Based And Alternative Protein Trends To Watch For In 2022. ...
How big is the plant-based protein craze? Tyson Foods, one of the worlds largest poultry, beef and pork producers, plans to ... "We have a strategy focused on protein, whether thats animal protein or plant protein," White said during a quarterly earnings ... How big is the plant-based protein craze? Tyson Foods, one of the worlds largest poultry, beef and pork producers, plans to ... "Beyond Meat provided an early opportunity for Tyson Ventures to invest in plant-based protein products that many consumers are ...
Pea protein? They're all on the menu for America's leading plant-based brands. ... The rise of plant-based protein may be one of the biggest stories the food industry will see this decade. The U.S. plant-based ... 3p Weekend: 10 Companies Bringing Plant-Based Protein Mainstream. By Mary Mazzoni. ... The plant-based protein biz is no stranger to controversy. Its not uncommon for conventional food producers to take issue with ...
Find Ascent Organic Chocolate Plant Protein Single, 1 each at Whole Foods Market. Get nutrition, ingredient, allergen, pricing ... Ingredients: Organic Plant Protein Blend (Organic Pea Protein, Organic Sunflower Protein, Organic Pumpkin Protein), Natural ...
... farming company in WAs Wheatbelt hopes new technology will allow it to transform a popular livestock feed into high-protein ... WOA wants to extract lupin proteins to create plant-based protein products.(ABC News: Marty McCarthy). ... Wide Open Agriculture (WOA) is set to begin food-grade trials using protein extracted from lupins to create plant-based foods ... The plant-based protein industry is expected to be worth $60.7 billion (US$40 billion) by 2025. ...
"Certain plant foods contain significantly more protein than others. And higher-protein diets can promote muscle strength, ... Sometimes, plant-based protein powders arent feasible or easy to get into your diet. Instead, nutritionist and body ... Cutting Back on Meat? This Trainer Shares the 8 Best Sources of Plant-Based Protein. By. Christina Stiehl ... you can still get your fill of protein from plant-based sources. ... shared some good sources of plant-based protein per cup. He ...
... Kroll, Melody M. via proteins%40net.bio.net (by krollmm from ... The Symposium on Plant Protein Phosphorylation provides an interdisciplinary research venue for scholars studying protein ... ANNOUNCEMENT * 2010 SYMPOSIUM ON PLANT PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION BOND LIFE SCIENCES CENTER COLUMBIA, MISSOURI, USA MAY 26-28, ... is part of an ongoing series of international meetings on protein phosphorylation in plants. This years Symposium will include ...
... but plant-based proteins provide some amazing health benefits. Keep reading to learn more about plant-based protein including ... One of the most common misconceptions about plant-based diets is that they are lacking in protein. Not only is this completely ... Where Can You Get Plant-Based Protein?. While most plant foods contain a small amount of protein, certain foods are richer in ... plant protein may also be beneficial for weight loss. Plant-based proteins tend to be lower in calories and fat than animal ...
Anyone who wants to ensure that their diet is healthful should understand what animal and plant proteins provide. The ... This essential element of the diet exists in both animals and plants. ... Regarding plant-based sources, one study. suggests that that rice protein isolate may offer similar benefits to whey protein. ... Eating more plant protein may also improve a persons overall health.. Results of a 2016 meta-analysis. suggested that eating ...
Here are the top 17 plant-based protein powders. ... Plant-based protein powders can help you hit your daily protein ... Buy PlantFusion Complete Plant Based Pea Protein Powder online.. 5. Tone It Up Organic Plant Based Protein Powder. Share on ... Plant-based diets can give you all the protein and nutrients you need. Plant-based protein powders can help you reach your ... Fact: You can get all the protein you need from a plant-based diet. But TBH, it can be a bit tricky. Thats where protein ...
Nut Protein, Pea, Plant, Plant Proteins, Proteins, Rice, Rice Protein, Seed ... Protein powders are the next big thing. Surveys show that plant proteins, pea and hemp protein, were found to be the most ... Introducing The Five Best Plant Proteins - And Why They ROCK!. December 7, 2016 by Liz Ward ... Scientists say that proteins look like "a necklace of amino-acid-shaped beads." Amino acids can be used and reused to make the ...
She tells me that Food Frontier has no place promoting alternative proteins. "The companies that are into these plant-based ... Part of Kings pitch is that plant-based proteins means producing more food, not less. It also subverts consumer behaviour. ... Part of Kings pitch is that plant-based proteins means producing more food, not less. It also subverts consumer behaviour. " ... Some of the worlds largest meat producers, including JBS, Tyson and Cargill, are now investing in plant-based proteins. ...
It may seem ironic that a meat guy is now making plant-based protein products, but thats why Improved Natures products are ... Lunchables founder now runs a plant-based protein company in Garner. Improved Nature is driven by the belief that "small acts ... Its much more complicated dealing with the plant protein, which is essentially glue. We have up to seven different processes ... Right now it develops soy exclusively, but the company plans to expand into other plant proteins. ...
... but what happens if youre on a plant-based diet? It can be challenging to meet your protein needs, since many of the most ... But dont despair! Its easy to get more plant-based pr ... popular protein sources are animal-based. Eggs, chicken, ... Flavored Plant-Based Protein: OWYN 20g Plant-Based Protein. Only What You Need OWYN 20 gram Plant-Based Protein really does ... Unflavored Plant-Based Pea Protein: Genepro Plant Protein. Genepro Unflavored Plant Protein is the basic option for an ...
p>Shop PE Nutrition Performance Plant Protein Vanilla Cream at Holland & Barrett - 20g of protein per serving ... PE Nutrition Performance Plant Protein is the perfect dairy free blend of pea protein isolate and rice protein to support your ... Pea Protein Isolate, Rice Protein, Vanilla Flavour, Sun Flower Oil, Sodium Chloride, Modified Food Starch, Tapioca Maltodextrin ... I love vegan protein the taste is amazing you can put if in anything I love it its so creamy texture Im glad they gave back ...
... our teams use a pyramid approach to create authentic meat-like taste in plant-based applications. ... From working with the base protein to adding cooking cues, ... Plant-based fish and seafood alternatives. about Plant-based ... Inherent taste components identified in animal proteins are missing in plant-based proteins. ... What are the things we need to consider when creating a flavour for a plant-based product?. Protein selection is complementary ...
In both the high-protein meat patty and the high-protein legume patty, 19 percent of the calories came from protein, while 53 ... Fighting Hunger? Plant Protein May Keep You Feeling Full Longer than Meat. News By Stephanie Bucklin ... Eating plant protein may help keep you feeling full longer - and help you eat less at your next meal - than eating animal ... Where the high-protein patties differed, however, was in the amount of fiber each had: The high-protein meat patty had only 6 ...
The infection results in the development of roots at the wound site (figure 1). These roots differ from normal plant roots by ... Rhizobium rhizogenes is a bacterium that infects wounded plant stems. ... This HR system has been used to produce a number of proteins, some of them of human origin. Unlike transgenic plants that are ... were valuable species for generating HRs producing foreign proteins. A refinement of the system was to get the protein secreted ...
... Molecular chaperones are involved in a broad range of different processes, ... To do so, plants possess a complex chaperone machinery, composed of HSP70, HSP90, J-proteins and other factors. How the ... To do so, plants possess a complex chaperone machinery, composed of HSP70, HSP90, J-proteins and other factors. How the ... Dittmer, Sophie (2020): J-proteins in plant development and stress response. Dissertation, LMU München: Faculty of Biology ...
  • Sometimes, plant-based protein powders aren't feasible or easy to get into your diet. (popsugar.com)
  • That's where protein powders come in clutch. (greatist.com)
  • Here are the top 17 plant-based protein powders to help you hit your health goals. (greatist.com)
  • Protein powders are the next big thing. (bumblebar.com)
  • Our Plant-Based Protein Powders are 100% vegan and free from dairy and egg products. (netrition.com)
  • Here are five of our most popular Plant-Based Protein Powders. (netrition.com)
  • USN® Plant Protein mixes effortlessly and tastes so good it will make you forget traditional protein powders. (muscleandstrength.com)
  • This group includes leucine, the superstar amino acid found in high concentrations in bodybuilding protein powders. (lesmills.com)
  • Protein powders have been around for a long time. (vitacost.com)
  • Why choose plant-based protein powders? (vitacost.com)
  • plant-based protein powders are easy to digest, packed with essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and fiber, and they're suitable for just about any specialty diet. (vitacost.com)
  • With more people cutting out meat and looking for alternate protein sources, plant-based protein powders come in especially handy. (vitacost.com)
  • So how does one choose from the plentitude of plant protein powders available? (vitacost.com)
  • I find it helps me feel full longer than other protein powders. (vitacost.com)
  • This is one of the best tasting protein powders I have tried. (vitacost.com)
  • The new pumpkin and hemp protein powders, which "are abundant in amino acids" and antioxidants, were formulated in response to increased consumer demand for plant-based proteins. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Botanical extracts supplier Cactus Botanics (Shanghai) announced the launch of two new vegetable protein powders. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Proteins can be consumed from food products directly, while protein powders can be used to supplement a regular diet. (cbi.eu)
  • Protein powders are concentrated forms of protein. (cbi.eu)
  • This study focuses on plant-based protein powders and their use as food supplements. (cbi.eu)
  • Moreover, protein powders vary in their amino acid composition. (cbi.eu)
  • In fact, soy protein powders enjoyed modest success in the 1980s - sold in meal replacement shakes and marketed by sports celebrities on TV. (muscletech.com)
  • As a result - there are a lot of same-same plant protein powders out there - but not a lot of innovation for the serious athlete or hardcore trainer. (muscletech.com)
  • The powder has tons of veggies, pea protein, probiotics, and 21 vitamins and minerals. (greatist.com)
  • Ora So Lean & So Clean Powder has a whopping 22 grams of protein per serving. (greatist.com)
  • The taste is decent, kind of the way most protein powder tastes--a little bit artifical, a little bit grainy but overall definitely manageable. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • Great vegan protein powder. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • Whenever you're in doubt or need something quick or convenient, you can always opt for a Plant-Based Protein Powder from Netrition . (netrition.com)
  • Sun Warrior Blend Pea Protein is a low-carb protein powder with additional components. (netrition.com)
  • BariatricPal has another Plant-Based Protein Powder powered by superfood. (netrition.com)
  • BariatricPal Vegan Plant Protein Powder is a delicious, chocolatey drink that is completely free from gluten, soy, and artificial flavors and colors. (netrition.com)
  • This protein powder has the following. (netrition.com)
  • Similar studies have compared soy and dairy proteins (in the form of whey, casein and milk), or have used food substitutes (such as dissolved protein powder in water) instead of real foods as their test meals. (livescience.com)
  • If you're looking for a super clean, 100% pure plant protein powder, look no further. (vitacost.com)
  • Sprout Living ® Simple Pumpkin Protein Powder is so simple it contains a single ingredient: cold-pressed organic pumpkin seeds. (vitacost.com)
  • I absolutely love this protein powder! (vitacost.com)
  • During the warmer months, this protein powder is a fantastic addition to any smoothie. (vitacost.com)
  • This clean, organic plant-based protein powder checks all the boxes. (vitacost.com)
  • leaf-based proteins, such as moringa powder. (cbi.eu)
  • root-based proteins, such as maca powder. (cbi.eu)
  • Much as moringa powder, these proteins are less common. (cbi.eu)
  • This powder is simply ground maca, which has a relatively high protein content. (cbi.eu)
  • rice protein powder helps prevent muscle breakdown and helps maintain mobility during ageing. (cbi.eu)
  • It reduces grittiness in products such as powder drinks and protein bars. (roquette.com)
  • Build lean muscle and take your recovery to the next level with the Half Human plant-based protein powder. (sweatband.com)
  • This is not your typical grainy, chalky tasting protein powder. (sweatband.com)
  • Design/methodology/approach - Leaves from plants growing near Kumasi were milled to a fine powder, dried to constant weight in a vacuum desiccator, and analyzed for their content of the afore-mentioned nutrients. (cdc.gov)
  • I love vegan protein the taste is amazing you can put if in anything I love it it's so creamy texture I'm glad they gave back in stock. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • USN Plant Protein combines our signature gourmet flavors with our ultra-low carb vegan protein blend. (muscleandstrength.com)
  • These tasty vegan protein meal shakes are plant-based, keto-friendly, and kosher. (dietdirect.com)
  • The best tasting and highest quality organic vegan protein - also available in these delicious flavors: French Vanilla, Decadent Chocolate and Very Berry. (naturalfactors.com)
  • A complete protein is one that contains all 9 of those essential amino acids and there are several plant foods that fit this description such as quinoa, buckwheat , hemp, and soy. (naturespath.com)
  • However, some plant-based foods, such as quinoa and buckwheat, are complete sources of protein. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Derived from a thoughtful and superior combination of peas, chia, pumpkin, hemp, and quinoa, this nutritional powerhouse provides you with a robust 15 g of protein and only 120 calories per serving. (lifesabundance.com)
  • We prioritized complete protein options. (greatist.com)
  • Don't let its artichoke content fool ya - this complete protein is tasty AF. (greatist.com)
  • A complete protein source refers to a type of food that contains all nine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A complete protein contains all of the nine "essential" amino acids - the ones that cannot be made inside the body, so must be consumed. (lesmills.com)
  • It's packed with 20 grams of complete protein along with powerful essential fatty acids. (vitacost.com)
  • Tofu is a popular food choice among vegans and vegetarians, but meat-eaters can take advantage of this high-protein soybean curd as well and one of the best things about tofu is it's a complete protein. (organicavenue.com)
  • Unfortunately, green peas are not a complete protein. (organicavenue.com)
  • Unfortunately, haricot beans are not a complete protein. (organicavenue.com)
  • However, when you eat them on toast the bread provides the missing amino acids so, as a meal, beans on toast is a complete protein. (organicavenue.com)
  • To top it all off, pistachios have all nine essential amino acids making this powerful little plant a complete protein. (wonderfulpistachios.com)
  • Herwig Bachmann, Expertise Group Leader Fermentation at NIZO, explains how innovations in the age-old technology of fermentation can help overcome these challenges, enabling the addition of new ingredients into plant-based products. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • These crops could be value-added by being turned into the ingredients for plant-based products. (smh.com.au)
  • Called "chicken bites", the meat was produced in a 1200-litre bioreactor from chicken cells cultured in foetal bovine serum and mixed with plant-based ingredients. (smh.com.au)
  • Plant foods also have healthy mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and dietary fiber - a healthy cocktail of ingredients. (lesmills.com)
  • Organic fermented pea protein, goji berry protein, hemp seed protein and MCTs from coconut are the four main ingredients giving Sunwarrior ® Warrior Blend its high-performance power. (vitacost.com)
  • Leveraging 80 years of know-how in plant-based ingredients for Food, Nutrition and Health, we offer innovative, high performing and sustainable raw materials to the Cosmetics market. (roquette.com)
  • Roquette is a global leader in plant-based ingredients, a pioneer of plant proteins and a leading provider of pharmaceutical excipients. (roquette.com)
  • Half Human is changing the plant-based game.This has all been done using high-quality ingredients and natural sweeteners. (sweatband.com)
  • Since then the estrogenically controversial soy has been supplanted by a number of novel plant-based ingredients and in the last decade nearly every major supplement company has released a "plant-based" protein at some point as marketers rushed to ensure that their brands covered off the portion of their consumers that avoid whey and animal-based protein. (muscletech.com)
  • Human are recommended to consume between 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight to be able to meet basic nutritional requirements. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends a daily intake of 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight - that translates to about 0.35 grams per pound. (naturespath.com)
  • A person weighing 165 pounds would need a minimum of 60 grams of protein per day. (naturespath.com)
  • If you are trying to lose weight, build muscle mass, or if you exercise regularly, your protein needs may be higher - somewhere in the range of 0.5 to 0.8 grams per pound of body weight. (naturespath.com)
  • There are 11 grams of protein from 100% pea protein, and it includes each of the essential amino acids. (netrition.com)
  • It includes branch chain amino acids (BCAA), and each serving has 20 grams of protein, 7 grams of net carbs, and 140 calories. (netrition.com)
  • It's high in protein, with 17 grams per scoop, and it is sugar-free. (netrition.com)
  • It has 21 grams of protein and 140 calories, and is low in carbs and fat. (netrition.com)
  • Where the high-protein patties differed, however, was in the amount of fiber each had: The high-protein meat patty had only 6 grams of fiber per 100 grams, while the high-protein legume patty had 25 grams of fiber per 100 grams. (livescience.com)
  • With 27 grams of protein in only 1½ scoops and a full amino acid profile (6 grams of BCAAs) it is the perfect plant-based protein for building lean muscle and for recovery post workout. (vitacost.com)
  • This plant protein blend, made from non-GMO pea protein, rice protein, isolated soy protein and fermented soy, gives you14 grams of protein and zero fat. (vitacost.com)
  • It offers 20 grams per serving of raw, organic plant protein from sprouted brown rice, peas, chia, navy beans, lentil beans and garbanzo beans. (vitacost.com)
  • Wonderful  ® Pistachios is the real deal: every serving boasts six grams of protein and a satisfying crunch. (wonderfulpistachios.com)
  • We need about 45-65 grams of protein each day, depending upon our size and gender. (sentara.com)
  • They have fortified the Brown Rice and Pea protein sources with 5 grams of additional BCAAs and L-Glutamine to make sure you are getting the ideal mix to support lean muscle tissue growth and recovery. (sweatband.com)
  • It is important for vegetarians and vegans to mix their protein sources and ensure that they are getting all of the essential amino acids. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 100% plant-based and grain free, it's designed to be an excellent source of protein for vegans, vegetarians, and those seeking fiber-rich nutrition that's also easy to digest. (lifesabundance.com)
  • Vegans and vegetarians need to rely on plant proteins to fulfill their daily protein requirements, but you don't have to belong to either group to enjoy the benefits these proteins provide. (organicavenue.com)
  • Carol Cheow, CEO, Cactus Botanics, notes that while it is easy to find whey and soybean proteins at most retailers, it can be tougher to find protein solutions for vegans or those with allergy or sensitivity concerns. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • Meanwhile, soybean protein is suitable for vegans, but it is also a common allergen and can also cause indigestion and flatulence. (nutritionaloutlook.com)
  • PE Nutrition Performance Plant Protein is the perfect dairy free blend of pea protein isolate and rice protein to support your daily protein intake. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • Each serving of Plant Protein features a soy-free blend of pea protein, brown rice protein, and pumpkin seed protein concentrate. (muscleandstrength.com)
  • Alongside the Pea and Brown Rice protein base, they have fortified this product with extra Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and L-Glutamine to take your recovery to the next level and boost lean muscle tissue growth. (sweatband.com)
  • Of course, plant-derived proteins are one of the fastest growing sectors in the protein business - and nobody liked leaving money on the table - even if it meant dropping some generic rice protein in a bottle with a logo on it. (muscletech.com)
  • We have millennia of experience working with dairy proteins, for example, but that is only one substrate. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • What Miruku has developed is a method of creating dairy proteins from plant cells. (springwise.com)
  • The company's approach is different from other brands because it uses plant crops to turn their cells into dairy proteins, rather than the other techniques currently in use - such as precision fermentation and modifying animal cells outside of the animal itself. (springwise.com)
  • Many athletes turn to whey protein for building muscle. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This type of protein is easier for the body to break down and absorb, which can give whey an edge over other sources, such as meat, eggs, and vegetables. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Generally, plant-based proteins have a lower protein content than animal-based proteins such as whey and casein, which can contain 80-90% protein. (cbi.eu)
  • In the early 2000's soy made a small comeback again, driven by desperate brands looking for way to differentiate their protein to bodybuilders who were buying whey in large quantities from the 3-4 brands that dominated the industry then. (muscletech.com)
  • While the past crop of plant proteins wasn't inherently terrible, they weren't science-driven and paled in comparison to whey. (muscletech.com)
  • If you've been on the fence about pushing your whey or casein protein aside and relying on one of the many vegan or plant based protein options that were on the market - but decided to keep your whey - you probably made the right call. (muscletech.com)
  • A MuscleTech plant protein had to stand up to whey and other animal proteins. (muscletech.com)
  • We needed a protein where we could deliver a taste experience that matches the smooth, creamy and delicious taste of whey. (muscletech.com)
  • Specifically, POFU is about using our extensive experience in food science and biotechnology to fulfil the unmet needs of manufacturers for nutritious and functional proteins, helping to differentiate products from the competition. (dsm.com)
  • Spiru-Tein ® High Protein Energy Meal is a nutritious way to attain higher levels of energy in a delicious shake. (vitacost.com)
  • Most particularly, it offers advice to government and industry on ways to reduce our reliance on meat as a central source of protein, supplementing it with plant-based alternatives. (smh.com.au)
  • High source of protein, low in sugar in a delicious vanilla flavour. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • Lentils are a fantastic source of protein and fiber. (organicavenue.com)
  • Meat isn't the only source of protein out there. (naturalnews.com)
  • Furthermore, CanolaPRO® is non-GMO, gluten-free, non-dairy, and is produced via a unique, solvent-free extraction process, preserving the nutritional and functional benefits of the protein. (dsm.com)
  • The team at Dr. McDougall's Right Foods aims to make organic, gluten-free and plant-based foods available to everyone -- a mantra it sticks to with its ready-made, single-serve product portfolio . (triplepundit.com)
  • Each serving delivers 25g (0.8oz) of protein making it far easier to reach your protein goals, 8g (0.3oz) of gluten-free carbohydrates (only 0.6g/0.02oz sugar! (sweatband.com)
  • it allows you to insert the lupin protein in a deeper matrix of carbohydrates and sugars so you can make a nice, tasty, soft mouth-feel product. (abc.net.au)
  • In both the high-protein meat patty and the high-protein legume patty, 19 percent of the calories came from protein , while 53 percent of the calories came from carbohydrates. (livescience.com)
  • Protein is important because gram for gram, it's more satisfying than either carbohydrates or fat. (naturalnews.com)
  • Roquette is a leader in providing carbohydrates for cell culture, and developing novel technology for protein stabilization. (roquette.com)
  • Fats Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the main types of macronutrients in food (nutrients that are required daily in large quantities). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Researchers decided to measure the levels of peptides (protein chains) before and after digestion and absorption of meat analogues (MA) and chicken breast (CB). (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • The expression of metal-binding proteins or peptides in microorganisms and plants in order to enhance heavy metal accumulation and/or tolerance has great potential. (lu.se)
  • Several different peptides and proteins have been explored. (lu.se)
  • Toxicity: The use of amino acids/peptides/proteins has been considered to result in insignificant environmental impact. (janusinfo.se)
  • The use of amino acids, proteins and peptides is not considered to have any environmental impact. (janusinfo.se)
  • New York, Sept. 30, 2017 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Understanding several aspects of the global plant-based proteins market , Persistence Market Research has presented a well organised analysis on the various trends, challenges, opportunities, growth drivers and restraints impacting the global market in its new research report titled "Plant-Based Proteins Market: Global Industry Analysis (2012-2016) and Forecast (2017-2025)" . (globenewswire.com)
  • Results of a 2016 meta-analysis suggested that eating more animal protein, especially that derived from processed red meat, may increase the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • One of the main differences between plant and animal proteins involves their amino acid contents. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When it comes to evaluating the quality of a protein, it all comes down to bioavailability and amino acid profile. (muscletech.com)
  • Protein docking studies revealed the Flg22 epitope of Xad1, a 22 amino acid peptide region in FliC that recognizes plant receptor FLS2 to initiate downstream defense signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Findings - All seven ILVs contained a large amount of protein (15.5-22.8 percent), which compared favorably to the essential amino acid pattern of a WHO standard. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2019, DSM published a consumer insights report on the plant-based diet, called Plant Power . (dsm.com)
  • It doesn't matter what kind of diet you choose to follow - protein is essential . (naturespath.com)
  • So, how much protein do you actually need in your daily diet? (naturespath.com)
  • Not only are these food rich in plant protein, but they are easy to incorporate into your diet. (naturespath.com)
  • Whether you want to lose weight, improve your health, or just follow a healthier diet , plant-based proteins are an important piece of the puzzle. (naturespath.com)
  • Make an effort to include the foods listed above in your daily diet and enjoy the benefits that plant proteins have to offer! (naturespath.com)
  • Fact: You can get all the protein you need from a plant-based diet. (greatist.com)
  • One long-term study also found that a plant-based diet can increase your chances of living longer. (greatist.com)
  • The body does not store protein like it does other macronutrients, so this protein has to come from the diet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Understanding the differences between plant and animal proteins is important for anyone who wants to ensure that their diet is healthful. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many people believe that the diet should include complete sources of protein, which contain all nine essential amino acids. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Protein is an essential part of any balanced diet. (bumblebar.com)
  • A protein-rich diet helps you feel full longer, so you won't find yourself snacking on chips and dip three times a day. (bumblebar.com)
  • Protein is an essential nutrient, but what happens if you're on a plant-based diet? (netrition.com)
  • A plant-based diet can have the following benefits. (netrition.com)
  • Are you vegan, vegetarian, or just simply want to add more plant-based protein to your diet? (muscleandstrength.com)
  • Speak to someone in the sports or fitness industry that is on a plant based diet ask them if they are getting enough of the right kind of protein. (organicavenue.com)
  • So are bulls, elephants, and many other animals that eat a plant diet. (organicavenue.com)
  • The researchers found a lower risk of early death was associated with less animal protein in the diet, and more plant protein. (sentara.com)
  • A diet rich in plants is also better for our health, and better for the environment. (naturalfactors.com)
  • Use of such alternative fluids as a major component of the diet has been associated with severe protein energy malnutrition and with growth faltering. (cdc.gov)
  • Risks of the paleo diet include inadequate intake of certain nutrients (due to decreased consumption of whole grains and dairy products) and possibly an increased risk of coronary artery disease (due to increased consumption of fat and protein). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The right protein combinations contribute to a delicious product from a taste and textural aspect, and, as we know, the taste and texture of plant-based products go hand in hand. (givaudan.com)
  • Our delicious plant protein meal replacement shakes are packed with 15g of pea protein & 24 vitamins and minerals. (dietdirect.com)
  • image: Visual Abstract for "Association of Plant Protein Intake With Risk of Incident CKD: A UK Biobank Study" by Ga Young Heo et al: https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-63862300742-4/fulltext In this large, prospective cohort study, greater dietary plant protein intake was associated with a lower risk of incident CKD. (eurekalert.org)
  • Further, interventional studies demonstrating kidney protective benefits of plant protein intake are warranted. (eurekalert.org)
  • However, the relationship between plant protein intake and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. (eurekalert.org)
  • This study led by Ga Young Heo aimed to investigate the association between plant protein intake and the development of CKD. (eurekalert.org)
  • Using the UK biobank study data, the researchers found that participants with a higher plant protein intake had a lower risk of developing CKD. (eurekalert.org)
  • This finding suggests that a higher dietary intake of plant-based protein may be beneficial for kidney health and provide insight into dietary interventions to prevent CKD in primary care settings. (eurekalert.org)
  • What makes protein even more important is the fact that the body does not store it in the way it stores carbohydrate and fat - this means that you need a steady intake to meet your needs. (naturespath.com)
  • By swapping plant proteins for animal proteins, you can reduce your caloric intake and boost your daily nutrient profile. (naturespath.com)
  • However, researchers noted that they only found the link between animal protein and cardiovascular disease in people with at least one lifestyle-related risk factor, such as smoking, heavy alcohol intake, or being overweight or obese. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Athletes and others looking to increase muscle mass and reduce the amount of time it takes to recover from exercise often pay close attention to their protein intake. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • You can add it to shakes and smoothies, or mix it into oatmeal, soup, or even vegetables to boost your protein intake. (netrition.com)
  • Adjust your protein intake from 1-5 servings per day, depending on your physical goal and protein requirements. (muscleandstrength.com)
  • If you want to increase your protein intake without eating meat for health or personal reasons, there are many alternative sources of protein to choose from, most of which are plant-based. (naturalnews.com)
  • In this study, data revealed that 15% of the daily calorie intake for the study participants was from protein. (sentara.com)
  • They are not sure why but when eating less animal protein there naturally is a lower intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, whereas the plant protein provides more fiber, phytochemicals, prebiotics, vitamins and minerals. (sentara.com)
  • Previous work in our lab had shown that turnip and Arabidopsis , both members of the Brassicaceae family of plants, were valuable species for generating HRs producing foreign proteins. (databasefootball.com)
  • DJC31 and DJC62 are two J-proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana and have previously been described to be located inside the chloroplast. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Surveys show that plant proteins, pea and hemp protein, were found to be the most popular choices among respondents for proteins , and their usage is projected to increase drastically over the next couple years. (bumblebar.com)
  • Plant-based proteins tend to be lower in calories and fat than animal proteins but higher in fiber and essential nutrients. (naturespath.com)
  • CanolaPRO® boosts the protein levels and nutritional profiles of products in the fast-growing lifestyle and wellness category, including protein shakes. (dsm.com)
  • You can also add things like almond butter, chia seeds , nutritional yeast, and spirulina to smoothies and shakes for a quick protein boost. (naturespath.com)
  • Mixes well, I have used it in protein shakes but mostly use it in overnight oats. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • I usually use a smoothie maker to blend my protein shakes together but this one mixes so easily I don't need to. (hollandandbarrett.com)
  • For years, vegan friendly protein shakes have had a bad name. (sweatband.com)
  • The global market for alternative proteins is expected to reach €140-150 billion by 2025 - and it's being driven by consumers who want food and beverages that are not only healthier for them, but also better for the planet. (dsm.com)
  • The message is clear: demand for alternative proteins is rising fast. (dsm.com)
  • In coming years, we'll need new sustainable ways of feeding a growing population, and alternative proteins like meat cultivated from cells will be a big part of that. (smh.com.au)
  • The meals varied in the protein patty and mash that was included: The first included a high-protein meat patty and a potato mash, the second had a high-protein patty that was made from legumes (a plant group that includes beans and lentils) and a split pea mash, and the third had a low-protein legume patty with a combination split pea and potato mash. (livescience.com)
  • Each 100 g serving of cooked lentils provides 9.2 g of protein, 20.13 g of carbohydrate, and just 116 calories. (organicavenue.com)
  • Traditional fermentation has been done on plants to create products like tempeh or sauerkraut for many years, but the ability to use fermentation on protein isolates and concentrates has been a critical recent development, a fermentation expert tells NutraIngredients. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • HB: Traditional fermentation has been done on 'complete' plant materials such as soy beans or vegetables, to create products like tempeh or sauerkraut. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Whole grain cereals, nuts, beans and legumes, and an amazing array of fermented plant foods such as tofu and tempeh, are all rich sources of protein. (lesmills.com)
  • The mix of superfoods, digestive enzymes, and proteins will give you a bangin' full-body boost. (greatist.com)
  • It also has sacha inchi, a Peruvian nut that has similar benefits to soy protein . (greatist.com)
  • nuts- or seed-based proteins, such as almond, soya, sacha inchi and flaxseed protein. (cbi.eu)
  • As the plant-based food transition gains steam, manufacturers are faced with challenges to bring analogue foods closer to nutritional parity with the dairy and meat versions, such as the challenge of increasing protein without creating 'negative' sensory issues. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Herwig Bachmann: If you look at the ingredient list and nutritional information printed on the packaging of food analogues, such as a plant-based cheese, you will see that many of these products contain often only between 0-1 percent protein. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Here at DSM, we're firmly focused on developing proteins of the future that help the global food industry meet the fast-changing needs of consumers. (dsm.com)
  • The plant-based food movement has evolved into an unstoppable force. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • This study from the Ohio State University (US), published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , shows how proteins from plant-based meat substitutes may not be as accessible to human cells as proteins from animal meat. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • So, while folks in the plant-based food space often talk about replacing meat with alternatives that are 100% vegan, meat companies are beginning to turn toward a sort of compromise: hybrid meat-veggie foods. (forbes.com)
  • Instead of pushing back against plant-forward, earth-friendly food altogether, these mixed veggie-meat foods are a clever way meat brands can adjust to suit the needs of a rapidly changing society. (forbes.com)
  • In the ongoing saga of vegan food brands facing lawsuits over calling their plant-based products things like almond "milk" or vegan "butter," this summer saw a win for Miyoko's Creamery, maker of plant-based dairy alternatives, in federal court. (forbes.com)
  • The rise of plant-based protein may be one of the biggest stories the food industry will see this decade. (triplepundit.com)
  • The U.S. plant-based food sector generated a staggering $4.9 billion in revenues last year , a growth rate of 3.4 percent over 2015. (triplepundit.com)
  • Now that it has four milk flavors on the market, the company's goal is to create even more healthy, plant-based food products under the Ripple Foods brand. (triplepundit.com)
  • A food and farming company in WA's Wheatbelt is hoping new technology will allow it to transform a popular livestock feed into high-protein meat-alternative products for humans. (abc.net.au)
  • Wide Open Agriculture (WOA) is set to begin food-grade trials using protein extracted from lupins to create plant-based foods such as meat substitutes, protein-enriched oat milk, breads and pasta. (abc.net.au)
  • When the body digests the proteins in food, it breaks them down into amino acids. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many groups, including the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (UNFAO), and Australia's national science agency, the CSIRO, which recently launched a research arm dedicated to plant-based proteins, view this as crucial to combating climate change. (smh.com.au)
  • We're now able to provide a plant-based food experience that more consumers turn to every day. (givaudan.com)
  • The higher amount of fiber in the high-protein legume patty may have contributed to the higher levels of satiety, or fullness, that the participants felt compared to when they consumed the high-protein meat patty, according to the findings, published Oct. 19 in the journal Food and Nutrition Research . (livescience.com)
  • Investing.com -- Wall Street has taken a pessimistic stance on plant-alternative foods lately, despite rising food inflation and a broad movement by consumers to adopt more sustainable consumption. (yahoo.com)
  • Barclays cut its ratings on both Beyond Meat and Tyson this week, saying "the worst is yet to come" as consumers shift their purchasing habits in favor of less expensive proteins and other food. (yahoo.com)
  • Meat is usually considered the most protein-rich food, yet plants supply most of the protein consumed by humans globally. (lesmills.com)
  • The health effects of protein-rich plant foods may come down to specific benefits from the combinations of amino acids within each food type, although it is likely the full nutritional mix of plant foods is also important. (lesmills.com)
  • Due to the combination of protein and fiber they provide, green peas are a very filling food. (organicavenue.com)
  • Producers who market protein food supplements cannot make any medicinal claims. (cbi.eu)
  • you may need to do additional research in order to determine whether your protein is already consumed in Europe, such as going through retailers or discussing it with food safety authorities. (cbi.eu)
  • If you produce a new protein, it may fall under Novel Food legislation , which covers foods that have not been consumed to a significant degree in Europe. (cbi.eu)
  • Today, plant-based options are everywhere, making it easy to get that extra boost of protein from high quality plant sources such as soy, hemp, brown rice, peas, chia and more. (vitacost.com)
  • NUTRALYS® S85F ORGANIC is a pea protein isolate with a fine particle size and good solubility, designed for wet applications such as plant-based milk & RTD beverages, other non-dairy alternatives, or clinical nutrition products. (roquette.com)
  • Further improvement of the bioavailability of proteins in MA may help assure people on plant-based diets achieve their nutritional needs. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Compared to animal-based protein, plant proteins have reduced digestibility and bioavailability. (muscletech.com)
  • You may need to consume a variety of plant proteins to get all of the essential amino acids, but that's also the best way to make sure you get all of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients you need. (naturespath.com)
  • Fitness freaks and health practitioners are concerned about the number of proteins, minerals, and vitamins that they consume through different means. (highviolet.com)
  • You consume foods that contain protein almost every day. (naturalnews.com)
  • I've been using Sunwarrior Vanilla Protein for years. (vitacost.com)
  • No one is being tricked by plant-based milk and butter, and the dairy industry doesn't have an exclusive claim to those words. (forbes.com)
  • The two aimed to shake up the milk industry with their plant-based alternative made mostly from pea protein, which carries a much smaller water footprint than other picks like the popular almond milk. (triplepundit.com)
  • They're short on the sulphur containing amino acids cystine and methionine and they don't quite pack the same BCAA power as milk-based proteins. (muscletech.com)
  • Liquids, non-dairy "milks," based on plant foods (e.g., soy, rice, almond, or hemp) should not be used as a human milk or infant formula substitute. (cdc.gov)
  • What if we could take one of the world's most common plants…and unlock the protein within to create a whole new generation of healthy and sustainable products? (dsm.com)
  • Consumers want alternative protein products that not only take the eating experience to the next level in terms of texture, taste and mouthfeel - but also contain good nutritional content, with a minimal environmental footprint. (dsm.com)
  • CanolaPRO® is a sustainable, plant-based protein source from the canola (or rapeseed) plant that improves vegan and vegetarian products. (dsm.com)
  • Pulling aspects such as imbalance in grain supply, volatile pricing, technical difficulties in producing raw material as well as difficulties in processing end products and negative publicity and false claims are posing challenges to the growth of the global plant based proteins market. (globenewswire.com)
  • While plant-based faux meats have been shown to help reduce cholesterol and even help prevent type-2 diabetes , there are still some nutritional challenges to emulating meat using plant products. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • New research shows that humans may have difficulty in taking up certain proteins from plant-based products. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • WOA wants to extract lupin proteins to create plant-based protein products. (abc.net.au)
  • You know you need protein to help build muscle and keep you feeling full , but there's a major myth that you can only get adequate protein from animal products. (popsugar.com)
  • To try some protein-rich plant-based foods for yourself, check out our selection of organic products ! (naturespath.com)
  • Animal products contain saturated fat and higher levels of cholesterol than sources of plant protein. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • One of my partners came across a company that was making not-very-good tasting, plant-based products - the texture was always lacking. (wral.com)
  • With the help of his RDI business partners and after a lot of time and money coming up with the right technology, Hawkins founded and became CEO of Improved Nature, a Garner-based company that develops plant-based protein products. (wral.com)
  • It may seem ironic that a 'meat' guy is now making plant-based protein products, but that's why Improved Nature's products are unlike others on the market. (wral.com)
  • For plant-based products, the contribution of sensory attributes from the matrix is very different from that of animal-derived products. (givaudan.com)
  • The next step is to build back the taste components - or base notes - missing in plant-derived products. (givaudan.com)
  • Our creation team has invested time and resources to understand the differences in plant- and animal-derived products at a molecular level. (givaudan.com)
  • Animal products (including red meat, pork, chicken, fish and eggs) are usually considered the most protein-rich. (lesmills.com)
  • From soft and chewy to crispy and flaky, or from protein-rich to clean label, MGP proudly offers a wide range of innovative products. (mgpingredients.com)
  • plant products - from a variety of plants, such as soya, pea, rice and almond. (cbi.eu)
  • Proteins are not used in herbal medicinal products. (cbi.eu)
  • The protein blend by Half Human has been entrusted with the Vegan Trademark, the world's most recognisable certification for quality plant-based products. (sweatband.com)
  • As we previously mentioned, in a market a saturated with numerous "me too" products that quite frankly, lack great flavor and don't deliver meaningful innovation or results, a plant based protein from MuscleTech would need to truly stand out, be scientifically backed and effective. (muscletech.com)
  • The insights from this study can be used for the development of bio-based products (small PAMPs ) for plant immunity and health . (bvsalud.org)
  • Spiru-Tein ® is a complete broad spectrum protein complex with spirulina that provides a wide range of minerals, BCAAs and an incredible 100% of the Daily Value of all vitamins. (vitacost.com)
  • The researchers found that the men reported feeling fuller, and less hungry , after they ate the high-protein legume patty meal than they did after eating the other two meals. (livescience.com)
  • Even more surprisingly, while the participants rated the high-protein vegetable patty meal as the most filling, they also said that the low-protein vegetable patty meal was just as filling as the high-protein meat patty meal, said Anne Raben, the study's senior author and a professor of obesity research at the University of Copenhagen. (livescience.com)
  • The researchers also found that after the participants consumed the high-protein legume patty meal for breakfast, they consumed 12 to 13 percent fewer calories at lunch than when they consumed either a high-protein meat patty meal or the low-protein legume patty meal at breakfast - a difference of 95 to 105 calories, Raben told Live Science. (livescience.com)
  • One limitation of the study was the difference in the taste of the meals: The participants said that the high-protein legume patty was significantly less tasty than both the high-protein meat patty and the low-protein legume patty. (livescience.com)
  • When you are looking for good high protein foods plucked from the earth, it would be a mistake to overlook green peas. (organicavenue.com)
  • has a high protein content making it highly suitable for athletes, people with active lifestyles and those who want to use plant-based proteins. (cbi.eu)
  • An exhaustive analysis of plant-based proteins market covers several aspects that can be used to achieve strategic advantage, such as, competitive landscape, in-depth segmental analysis in different regions and detailed forecast projections with respect to value and volume across all segments for a period of eight years, from 2017 to 2025. (globenewswire.com)
  • Developed by nutritionists (…) Organic Blissful Brown Rice and Raw Cacao Pure Super Protein is the super protein for pleasure seekers who want to feel blissful! (cbi.eu)
  • Being a vegan-friendly protein source, Half Human has decided to source their protein from both Pea and Brown Rice. (sweatband.com)
  • This was achieved by fusing the foreign gene with a short DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide that directed the protein towards the secretory pathway of the cells. (databasefootball.com)
  • Functional properties of secretory proteins from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, nutritionist and body transformation coach Matt Fowl ( @bodyfreshfitness on Instagram) shared some good sources of plant-based protein per cup. (popsugar.com)
  • Many other nuts, grains, and vegetables also contain high amounts of protein. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They do very well by concentrating on plant based proteins and other sources such as nuts. (organicavenue.com)
  • Previous exposure to cannabis and cross-reactivity to plant allergens (such as peach, tomato, and certain nuts) further complicate diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing meals with both similar fiber and protein content could be useful," Raben said. (livescience.com)
  • Furthering an understanding of West African plant foods Mineral, fatty acid and protein content of seven cultivated indigenous leafy vegetables of Ghana. (cdc.gov)
  • Here at DSM, we have developed a patented process and technology that starts with the by-product of vegetable oil production - the crushed seeds that form the canola meal - and yields a high-quality protein that can be included in a wide range of foods and beverages. (dsm.com)
  • Eating plant protein may help keep you feeling full longer - and help you eat less at your next meal - than eating animal protein, a new study suggests. (livescience.com)
  • For many years menus, especially for dinnertime, have been built around the protein served at that meal. (sentara.com)
  • When we choose to replace animal protein with plant protein, even for just one meal a day, we save enough resources to give five more people a serving of plant protein. (naturalfactors.com)
  • Only plant-based foods contain fiber, which helps to keep the digestive system balanced. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Fiber and protein act through different mechanisms," Raben told Live Science. (livescience.com)
  • Like protein, fiber increases satiety and helps prevent hunger. (organicavenue.com)
  • The stability of flavours over time is dependent on the binding affinity of flavour molecules with proteins. (givaudan.com)
  • How has Givaudan evolved its ability to create authentic flavours for plant-based applications? (givaudan.com)
  • LTPs are known to be pathogenesis-related proteins, i.e. proteins produced for pathogen defense by plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretome analysis is a valuable tool to study host-pathogen protein interactions and to identify new proteins that are important for plant health . (bvsalud.org)
  • Microbial signatures elicit defense responses in plants , and by that, the plant immune system gets triggered prior to pathogen infection . (bvsalud.org)
  • As its name implies, lipid transfer proteins facilitate the shuttling of phospholipids and other fatty acid groups between cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manufacturers want to improve on these plant-based foods, including increasing their nutritional value, by adding a plant-based protein, for example. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Crucially, we're able to achieve this via a light-touch processing method that preserves the functionality and nutritional quality of the protein within. (dsm.com)
  • Foods rich in protein can have widely ranging nutritional profiles. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Originality/value - Since malnutrition (e.g. iron-deficiency anemia, rickets, zinc deficiency, protein-calorie malnutrition) is common in sub-Saharan Africa, the information which is provided should increase awareness among agricultur al and public health officials of the nutritional value of seven underappreciated and underutilized ILVs that are indigenous to Ghana and many other parts of Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • A lot of trends that we saw planting seeds last year have come to fruition, from the explosion of new plant oils and milks to the introduction of more vegan fish substitutes. (forbes.com)
  • Unlike transgenic plants that are generally grown in soil and produce pollen or seeds which can convey the transgene into the environment, transgenic HRs are fully contained in vessels and would be unable to grow outside. (databasefootball.com)
  • But it's also high in nutrition and very easy for humans to digest (containing all the amino acids we need): better in fact than soy, pea, rice, and wheat gluten proteins. (dsm.com)
  • While humans lack the enzyme to digest cellulose from plants, how good are we at taking up proteins from plant-based meat analogues versus animal-derived meat? (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Also, keep in mind that some sources of plant protein may take longer for the body to digest and use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Also, plant proteins are generally harder to digest and are absorbed more slowly. (lesmills.com)
  • Plant lipid transfer proteins, also known as plant LTPs or PLTPs, are a group of highly-conserved proteins of about 7-9kDa found in higher plant tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your hair and nails are made almost entirely of protein and your body uses protein to build muscle, to repair tissues, and to produce enzymes, hormones, and other important biochemicals. (naturespath.com)
  • In addition to providing the building blocks for healthy muscles and tissues, plant protein may also be beneficial for weight loss . (naturespath.com)
  • But protein is digested and absorbed into the body, so that its components can be used by body tissues, including the brain. (livescience.com)
  • Unlike other plant tissues which are grown in vitro , they have an indefinite growth without any phytohormone. (databasefootball.com)
  • These new tissues contributed to the production of the foreign protein at a high level. (databasefootball.com)
  • As the little bumps on HRs resembled calli that often develop on plant tissues treated with hormones, we proposed naming this new HR-based protein production system "rhizocalli. (databasefootball.com)
  • You need protein to build, maintain, and repair almost all the tissues in your body. (naturalnews.com)
  • Pru p 3, the major allergen from peach, is a 9-kDa allergen belonging to the family of lipid-transfer proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • While most plant foods contain a small amount of protein, certain foods are richer in this essential macronutrient than others. (naturespath.com)
  • Producing animal protein uses far more resources to deliver an equivalent amount of protein. (naturalfactors.com)
  • All of which means that not only is CanolaPRO® a healthy plant protein, it's a sustainable one - contributing to responsible consumption and production methods. (dsm.com)
  • If all the canola protein in the world today was used for human consumption, it could provide enough protein for 500 million people. (dsm.com)
  • If you're a strict vegan, or just looking to cut back on your meet consumption (like a reducetarian ), you can still get your fill of protein from plant-based sources. (popsugar.com)
  • Huge population data from the USA, analysing death rates over 26 years, has shown high consumption of protein from animal sources (meat, eggs or dairy) slightly increases mortality. (lesmills.com)
  • VegiDay is part of a growing movement that encourages us to welcome and sustain life by reducing our consumption of animal protein. (naturalfactors.com)
  • Plant proteins are lower in a group of amino acids known as "branched chain amino acids" (BCAA). (lesmills.com)
  • In the low-protein legume patty, on the other hand, only 9 percent of the calories came from protein, while 62 percent came from carbs. (livescience.com)