Sex Chromatin
Sex Chromosomes
Chromatin
Gynecomastia
Surgery, Plastic
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Metaphor
Breast
Origin of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa. (1/76)
The molecular basis of many forms of male infertility is poorly defined. One area of research that has been studied intensely is the integrity of the DNA in the nucleus of mature ejaculated spermatozoa. It has been shown that, in men with abnormal sperm parameters, the DNA is more likely to possess strand breaks. However, how and why this DNA damage originates in certain males and how it may influence the genetic project of a mature spermatozoon is unknown. Two theories have been proposed to describe the origin of this DNA damage in mature spermatozoa. The first arises from studies performed in animal models and is linked to the unique manner in which mammalian sperm chromatin is packaged, while the second attributes the nuclear DNA damage in mature spermatozoa to apoptosis. One of the factors implicated in sperm apoptosis is the cell surface protein, Fas. In this review, we discuss the possible origins of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa, how these spermatozoa arrive in the ejaculate of some men, and what consequences they may have if they succeed in their genetic project. (+info)Histone macroH2A1.2 relocates to the inactive X chromosome after initiation and propagation of X-inactivation. (2/76)
The histone macroH2A1.2 has been implicated in X chromosome inactivation on the basis of its accumulation on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) of adult female mammals. We have established the timing of macroH2A1.2 association with the Xi relative to the onset of X-inactivation in differentiating murine embryonic stem (ES) cells using immuno-RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Before X-inactivation we observe a single macroH2A1.2-dense region in both undifferentiated XX and XY ES cells that does not colocalize with X inactive specific transcript (Xist) RNA, and thus appears not to associate with the X chromosome(s). This pattern persists through early stages of differentiation, up to day 7. Then the frequency of XY cells containing a macroH2A1.2-rich domain declines. In contrast, in XX cells there is a striking relocalization of macroH2A1.2 to the Xi. Relocalization occurs in a highly synchronized wave over a 2-d period, indicating a precisely regulated association. The timing of macroH2A1.2 accumulation on the Xi suggests it is not necessary for the initiation or propagation of random X-inactivation. (+info)Higher concentrations of histone macroH2A in the Barr body are correlated with higher nucleosome density. (3/76)
Histone macroH2A, which is a subtype of histone H2A, possesses a histone H2A-like portion fused to a relatively long non-histone portion. MacroH2A has been shown to associate preferentially with the inactive X chromosome [1]. To investigate the specificity of this association, the nuclear distribution of macroH2A was compared with that of regular core histones. In normal human female fibroblasts, all anti-histone antibodies that were tested (including anti-macroH2A antibody) preferentially labeled the inactive X chromosome. Moreover, when expressed as green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions, both histone H2A and macroH2A were concentrated in the Barr body. These data clearly show the presence of a higher density of nucleosomes in the inactive X chromosome. Accordingly, the specificity of the macroH2A association with the inactive X chromosome should be reconsidered. While investigating the role of macroH2A, we found that the proximity of the non-histone region of macroH2A to a promoter could lead to a specific repression of transcription, suggesting that the incorporation of macroH2A into chromatin might help to establish the stable pattern of gene expression in differentiated cells. (+info)The JIL-1 tandem kinase mediates histone H3 phosphorylation and is required for maintenance of chromatin structure in Drosophila. (4/76)
To analyze the function of the chromosomal kinase JIL-1, we generated an allelic series of hypomorphic and null mutations. JIL-1 is an essential kinase for viability, and reduced levels of JIL-1 kinase activity lead to a global change in chromatin structure. In JIL-1 hypomorphs, euchromatic regions of polytene chromosomes are severely reduced and the chromosome arms condensed. This is correlated with decreased levels of histone H3 Ser10 phosphorylation. These levels can be restored by a JIL-1 transgene placing JIL-1 directly in the pathway mediating histone H3 phosphorylation. We propose a model where JIL-1 kinase activity is required for maintaining the structure of the more open chromatin regions that facilitate gene transcription. (+info)Identification of an autoimmune serum containing antibodies against the Barr body. (5/76)
Transcriptional inactivation of one X chromosome in mammalian female somatic cells leads to condensation of the inactive X chromosome into the heterochromatic sex chromatin, or Barr body. Little is known about the molecular composition and structure of the Barr body or the mechanisms leading to its formation in female nuclei. Because human sera from patients with autoimmune diseases often contain antibodies against a variety of cellular components, we reasoned that some autoimmune sera may contain antibodies against proteins associated with the Barr body. Therefore, we screened autoimmune sera by immunofluorescence of human fibroblasts and identified one serum that immunostained a distinct nuclear structure with a size and nuclear localization consistent with the Barr body. The number of these structures was consistent with the number of Barr bodies expected in diploid female fibroblasts containing two to five X chromosomes. Immunostaining with the serum followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a probe against XIST RNA demonstrated that the major fluorescent signal from the autoantibody colocalized with XIST RNA. Further analysis of the serum showed that it stains human metaphase chromosomes and a nuclear structure consistent with the inactive X in female mouse fibroblasts. However, it does not exhibit localization to a Barr body-like structure in female mouse embryonic stem cells or in cells from female mouse E7.5 embryos. The lack of staining of the inactive X in cells from female E7.5 embryos suggests the antigen(s) may be involved in X inactivation at a stage subsequent to initiation of X inactivation. This demonstration of an autoantibody recognizing an antigen(s) associated with the Barr body presents a strategy for identifying molecular components of the Barr body and examining the molecular basis of X inactivation. (+info)Micropenis associated with testicular agenesis. (6/76)
This paper describes 2 male infants who were born with sever micropenis and in whom testicular tissue could not be identified at surgery. HCG stimulation in one infant was not followed by a rise in plasma testosterone. It was decided that both cases would be best raised as females, despite their male chromosomal sex. (+info)A developmental study of girls with trisomy X. (7/76)
Development of 11 girls (ages 2-10 years) with 47,XXX karyotype identified in a newborn survey is compared with eight girls having a mosaic sex chromatin pattern and with the normal siblings of each group. Delay in early motor development and speech, a mild intellectual deficit, and disturbance in interpersonal relationships occurred in one-third of the index cases, a higher frequency than in the comparison groups. two-thirds were considered normal and adequately adjusted. No consistent phenotype was found. (+info)Human X-autosome translocations: differential inactivation of the X chromosome in a kindred with an X-9 translocation. (8/76)
A kindred with an X-autosome translocation and differential inactivation of the X chromosome is described. The phenotypically normal mother has a reciprocal translocation [46,X,rcp(X;9) (q11;q32)] while the daughter's karyotype is unbalanced [46,X,--X,+der(9),rcp(X;9) (q11;q32)mat], indicating adjacent-two type of segregation in the mother. In the mother's cells the normal X is late replicating, while in the daughter's cells almost the entire der(9) is late replicating, indicating the presence of autosomal inactivation. The daughter's abnormal phenotype can be explained by her sex chromosomal complement and the absence of effective trisomy 9. At this stage there is no simple explanation to account for all types of inactivation patterns encountered in the 14 balanced and 15 unbalanced cases of X-autosome translocations reported to date. Selection of X inactivation is not an inherent characteristic of the X chromosome per se, and it is not dependent on the direction of chromosomal exchange, as was suggested previously. Correlation of the phenotypic and cytogenetic features of these patients suggests a pattern of X and autosomal inactivation consistent with the least amount of genotypic and phenotypic imbalance in most cases. The data are most consistent with random X inactivation followed by selection of the most viable cell line. (+info)Sex chromatin, also known as the Barr body, is an inactive X chromosome found in the nucleus of female cells. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during embryonic development to ensure that the dosage of X-linked genes is equivalent between males (who have one X chromosome) and females (who have two X chromosomes). The inactive X chromosome condenses and forms a compact structure called a sex chromatin body or Barr body, which can be observed during microscopic examination of cell nuclei. This phenomenon is known as X-inactivation and helps to prevent an overexpression of X-linked genes that could lead to developmental abnormalities.
Sex chromosomes, often denoted as X and Y, are one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes found in each cell of the body. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). The sex chromosomes play a significant role in determining the sex of an individual. They contain genes that contribute to physical differences between men and women. Any variations or abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and conditions related to sexual development and reproduction.
Chromatin is the complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that make up the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. It is responsible for packaging the long DNA molecules into a more compact form that fits within the nucleus. Chromatin is made up of repeating units called nucleosomes, which consist of a histone protein octamer wrapped tightly by DNA. The structure of chromatin can be altered through chemical modifications to the histone proteins and DNA, which can influence gene expression and other cellular processes.
Gynecomastia is a medical term that refers to the benign enlargement of the glandular tissue in male breasts, usually caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. It's important to note that gynecomastia is not the same as having excess fat in the breast area, which is called pseudogynecomastia.
Gynecomastia can occur during infancy, puberty, or old age due to natural hormonal changes. Certain medications, medical conditions, and recreational drugs can also cause gynecomastia by affecting hormone levels in the body. In some cases, the exact cause of gynecomastia may remain unknown.
Mild cases of gynecomastia may not require treatment, but severe or persistent cases may be treated with medication or surgery to remove excess breast tissue. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options if you suspect you have gynecomastia.
Plastic surgery is a medical specialty that involves the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery.
Reconstructive surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns, trauma, birth defects, or disease. The goal is to improve function, but may also involve improving appearance.
Cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery is performed to reshape normal structures of the body in order to improve the patient's appearance and self-esteem. This includes procedures such as breast augmentation, rhinoplasty, facelifts, and tummy tucks.
Plastic surgeons use a variety of techniques, including skin grafts, tissue expansion, flap surgery, and fat grafting, to achieve their goals. They must have a thorough understanding of anatomy, as well as excellent surgical skills and aesthetic judgment.
Breast neoplasms in males refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the male breast tissue. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). While breast cancer is much less common in men than in women, it can still occur and should be taken seriously.
The most common type of breast cancer in men is invasive ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and spreads to surrounding tissue. Other types of breast cancer that can occur in men include inflammatory breast cancer, lobular carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple.
Risk factors for developing male breast cancer include age (most cases are diagnosed after age 60), family history of breast cancer, genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, radiation exposure, obesity, liver disease, and testicular conditions such as undescended testicles.
Symptoms of male breast neoplasms may include a painless lump in the breast tissue, skin changes such as dimpling or redness, nipple discharge, or a retracted nipple. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.
I must clarify that I'm here to provide information related to health, medicine, and symptoms. I don't provide definitions for literary devices such as "metaphor." However, I can tell you that in the context of medicine, metaphors are often used to help explain medical concepts to patients in a more understandable and relatable way. For example, a doctor might describe a leaky heart valve as "a gate that doesn't close properly, allowing blood to leak back." This is not a formal medical definition, but rather a figure of speech used to help patients better understand their condition.
Feminine hygiene products are personal care items specifically designed for women to manage menstruation and maintain cleanliness and freshness of the female genital area. The most common types of feminine hygiene products include:
1. Sanitary napkins or pads: These are rectangular-shaped absorbent pads worn inside underwear to absorb menstrual flow. They come in various sizes, absorbencies, and designs, including wings to secure the pad in place.
2. Tampons: A tampon is a cylindrical-shaped, compact piece of soft, absorbent material inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow. They come with applicators or without, and in different absorbencies.
3. Menstrual cups: These are flexible, funnel-shaped cups made from silicone or rubber that are inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual flow. They can be reused after cleaning and are considered a more eco-friendly alternative to single-use pads and tampons.
4. Liners: Thinner and smaller than sanitary napkins, liners are used for light discharge or spotting between periods, after sexual intercourse, or during postpartum recovery.
5. Intimate wipes: These are pre-moistened towelettes designed for cleaning the external genital area. They can be useful for freshening up throughout the day, especially during menstruation, exercise, or travel.
6. Douches: A douche is a device used to introduce a stream of water or a medicated solution into the vagina to cleanse it. However, douching is not generally recommended by medical professionals as it can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina and potentially lead to infections.
It's essential to choose feminine hygiene products that are comfortable, reliable, and safe for personal use. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper usage and disposal, and consult a healthcare provider if you have any concerns or questions about your menstrual health or feminine hygiene.
The breast is the upper ventral region of the human body in females, which contains the mammary gland. The main function of the breast is to provide nutrition to infants through the production and secretion of milk, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of fibrous connective tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue, and the mammary gland, which is made up of 15-20 lobes that are arranged in a radial pattern. Each lobe contains many smaller lobules, where milk is produced during lactation. The milk is then transported through a network of ducts to the nipple, where it can be expressed by the infant.
In addition to its role in lactation, the breast also has important endocrine and psychological functions. It contains receptors for hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role in sexual development and reproduction. The breast is also a source of sexual pleasure and can be an important symbol of femininity and motherhood.
It's worth noting that males also have breast tissue, although it is usually less developed than in females. Male breast tissue consists mainly of adipose tissue and does not typically contain functional mammary glands. However, some men may develop enlarged breast tissue due to conditions such as gynecomastia, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or certain medications.
Reconstructive surgical procedures are a type of surgery aimed at restoring the form and function of body parts that are defective or damaged due to various reasons such as congenital abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors, or disease. These procedures can involve the transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another, manipulation of bones, muscles, and tendons, or use of prosthetic materials to reconstruct the affected area. The goal is to improve both the physical appearance and functionality of the body part, thereby enhancing the patient's quality of life. Examples include breast reconstruction after mastectomy, cleft lip and palate repair, and treatment of severe burns.
Sex-chromosome dosage compensation
Mary F. Lyon
Nuclear sexing
1985 Summer Universiade
Klinefelter syndrome
Susumu Ohno
X-chromosome reactivation
X-inactivation
Albert de la Chapelle
Biomarker
Maria José Martínez-Patiño
Ridge (biology)
Sex-determining region Y protein
ASXL1
Sport of athletics
Additional sex combs like 2, transcriptional regulator
Sex verification in sports
List of MeSH codes (A11)
List of MeSH codes (G14)
XYY syndrome
Estrogen receptor alpha
Robert E. Kingston
HORMAD1
Barr body
Patrizia Casaccia
Transvection (genetics)
Paul Schedl
Meiotic recombination checkpoint
Tanapox
BRDT
The Additional sex combs gene of Drosophila encodes a chromatin protein that binds to shared and unique Polycomb group sites on...
PDF) Some aspects of sex determinism in hemp
Heat shock transcription factor 1 localizes to sex chromatin during meiotic repression<...
Single-cell analysis of chromatin and expression reveals age- and sex-associated alterations in the human heart
Sex-chromosome dosage compensation - Wikipedia
Modelling sex-linked differences in neurodevelopmental disorders caused by chromatin modifiers using iPSC-derived model systems...
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Plastic Surgery for Gynecomastia: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem
Student and Faculty Work | Middlebury College
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP News, Research
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Changes in the cohort composition of turner syndrome and severe non-diagnosis of Klinefelter, 47,XXX and 47,XYY syndrome: a...
SMART: HMG domain annotation
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The yellow gene influences Drosophila male mating success through sex comb melanization | eLife
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Michael Cleary's Profile | Stanford Profiles
Characterization of a strain-specific CD-1 reference genome reveals potential inter- and intra-strain functional variability |...
Chromosomes31
- The Additional sex combs gene of Drosophila encodes a chromatin protein that binds to shared and unique Polycomb group sites on polytene chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
- The sex is principally determined by genotype in all species, but the mechanisms range from a single controlling locus to sex chromosomes bearing several linked loci required for sex determination. (researchgate.net)
- Across species, different sexes are often characterized by different types and numbers of sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- In order to neutralize the large difference in gene dosage produced by differing numbers of sex chromosomes among the sexes, various evolutionary branches have acquired various methods to equalize gene expression among the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
- Because sex chromosomes contain different numbers of genes, different species of organisms have developed different mechanisms to cope with this inequality. (wikipedia.org)
- Different lineages have evolved different mechanisms to cope with the differences in gene copy numbers between the sexes that are observed on sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- One logical way to equalize gene expression amongst males and females that follow a XX/XY sex differentiation scheme would be to decrease or altogether eliminate the expression of one of the X chromosomes in an XX, or female, homogametic individual, such that both males and females then express only one X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- The genome of some vole rodents exhibit large blocks of heterochromatin coupled to their sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we show prominent epigenetic marks of the heterochromatic blocks in the giant sex chromosomes of female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our data reveal that histone acetylation level affects DNA replication dynamics of the sex chromosomes' heterochromatin and leads to a global reduction in replication fork rate genome wide. (biomedcentral.com)
- In conclusion, we mapped major epigenetic modifications controlling the structure of the sex chromosome-associated heterochromatin and demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the molecular mechanisms controlling the replication timing of the heterochromatic blocks at the sex chromosomes in female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- In some vole species, a bulk of constitutive heterochromatin is coupled to both sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The sex of many organisms is determined by the number of X chromosomes. (mpg.de)
- Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
- An autosome is defined as any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes . (biologyonline.com)
- These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)
- Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
- Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
- Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
- The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
- The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
- The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
- On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Fig. 1: Phylogeny-scale profiling of scallop sexual systems and sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Fig. 3: Turnover and macroevolution of scallop sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
- Chromatin is the network of DNA and protein that packages DNA into chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
- The fertilised egg inherits its DNA unchanged from the parents' sex chromosomes. (lu.se)
Chromosome8
- Thus, human females have the same number of expressed X-linked genes per cell as do human males (XY), both sexes having essentially one X chromosome per cell, from which to transcribe and express genes. (wikipedia.org)
- Some lineages have evolved dosage compensation, an epigenetic mechanism which restores expression of X or Z specific genes in the heterogametic sex to the same levels observed in the ancestor prior to the evolution of the sex chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- 2009 ). At a larger scale, DSB formation occurs in the context of a specific chromosome architecture that consists of chromatin loops anchored to a proteinaceous axis (Zickler and Kleckner 1999 ). (springer.com)
- DSB sites are preferentially located within chromatin loops, while several proteins that are required for DSB formation (Rec114, Mei4, and Mer2) localize on the chromosome axis (Blat et al. (springer.com)
- Knowledge on the prevalence of sex chromosome abnormalities (SCAs) is limited, and delayed diagnosis or non-diagnosis of SCAs are a continuous concern. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fig. 2: Discovery of oldest known, 350 Myr sex-chromosome homomorphy in scallop. (nature.com)
- Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
- Fig. 6: Evolutionary model for homomorphy maintenance and heteromorphy transition of sex chromosome. (nature.com)
Genes10
- The Additional sex combs (Asx) gene of Drosophila is a member of the Polycomb group of genes, which are required for maintenance of stable repression of homeotic and other loci. (ox.ac.uk)
- Among them, the sex chromosomal multicopy genes that are expressed in postmeiotic cells were occupied by HSF1. (abo.fi)
- Given that the sex chromatin mostly is repressed during and after meiosis, it is remarkable that HSF1 directly regulates the transcription of sex-linked multicopy genes during postmeiotic repression. (abo.fi)
- We identify hundreds of differentially expressed genes by age and sex. (github.io)
- Dosage compensation is the process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members of different biological sexes. (wikipedia.org)
- Most organisms have developed a strategy for making sure that the X chromosomal genes, which are important for both sexes, are properly transcribed. (mpg.de)
- However, how exactly this change in the chromatin structure facilitates the expression of X chromosomal genes by just a factor of two remains poorly understood. (mpg.de)
- Sex-associated Early-life viral Innate Immune Response is Transcriptionally Associated with chromatin remodeling of Type-I IFN-inducible Genes Published in Mucosal Immunology on June 9th, 2023 Check out these new findings from MCIDT Affiliates Dr. Nicholas Lukacs and. (umich.edu)
- While the exact disease mechanism is unknown, it is likely that a lack of PHF8 protein in the nucleus of brain cells before birth prevents chromatin remodeling, altering the normal expression of genes involved in intellectual function and formation of structures along the midline of the skull. (medlineplus.gov)
- Overexpression of chromatin remodeling and tyrosine kinase genes in iAMP21-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (cancercentrum.se)
Histone6
- Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
- Furthermore, AT-hook motifs are frequently associated with known functional domains seen in chromatin proteins and in DNA-binding proteins (e.g. histone folds, homeodomains and zinc fingers). (embl.de)
- The high-mobility group (HMG) domain is a DNA-binding motif that is shared abundant non-histone components of chromatin and by specific regulators of transcription and cell differentiation. (embl.de)
- A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
- Examples of epigenetic systems include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structure. (uab.edu)
- The protein structure that surrounds the DNA, chromatin, largely comprises histone proteins and can be open or closed and thus allow or prevent factors binding to the DNA. (lu.se)
Gonadal sex determination1
- Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
Differences8
- For example, important differences between sexes were evidenced in respect of palisadic tissue, epidermal stomatic number, secretory hair distribution etc. (researchgate.net)
- Sex differences and age-related changes in the human heart at the tissue, cell, and molecular level have been well-documented and many may be relevant for cardiovascular disease. (github.io)
- Age was associated with changes such as immune activation-related transcriptional and chromatin accessibility differences, as well as changes in the relative proportion of cardiomyocytes, neurons, and perivascular cells. (github.io)
- The researchers aim to uncover biological processes underlying the observed patient phenotypes and the male versus female differences by using several cell-based models and to understand sex-linked differences in the manifestations of NDDs by studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived models for early brain development and neural function. (erasmusmc-rdo.nl)
- Additionally, building on the sex differences in NDD pathology observed in my mentor's previous work, we plan to use the forced-swim test to measure depressive behavior in DEP/MS mice. (duke.edu)
- In a recent study published in Cells, researchers evaluated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathophysiological differences by sex and intestinal microbiome. (news-medical.net)
- Currently, it is not clear if these same processes contribute to the sex differences in aging seen in many species. (uab.edu)
- Whether these sex-based differences have biologic relevance that may translate into effects on health outcomes is unknown. (cdc.gov)
Immunoprecipitation2
- Re-analysis of the original RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data identified discrepancies in the sex and genetic composition of parental donor cells and converted stem cells, and revealed a STAP-derived cell line to be a mixture containing trophoblast stem cells. (genengnews.com)
- Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified SOX2-binding sites on COL1A1 and COL1A2, indicating SOX2 as a transcription factor in collagen synthesis. (cdc.gov)
Proteins2
- HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin. (embl.de)
- This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Determination7
- Because the species with male individuals and female individuals have evolved repeatedly from hermaphroditic progenitors, the mechanisms for the control of sex determination in flowering plants are extremely diverse. (researchgate.net)
- An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
- The common belief is that they don't have any role to play in sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
- So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
- The present study included 60 individuals ranging from 20-50 age group of both the sexes to observe the morphology of sex chromatin in neutrophil by using Leishman's and Field stain for the gender determination and comparison between the 2 staining procedure, using research microscope. (ijmhr.org)
- Is Thermal Responsiveness Affected by Maternal Estrogens in Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination? (ooir.org)
- Cbx2 is required for male sex determination by activating expression of the Sry gene. (rndsystems.com)
Transcriptional2
- Sex dependent alterations include pathways such as TGFβ signaling and metabolic shifts by sex, evident in both transcriptional alterations and differing presence of transcription factor (TF) motifs in accessible chromatin. (github.io)
- The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA. (lookformedical.com)
Drosophila1
- Her lab at UAB utilizes a classical genetics model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , to study various open questions in the area of epigenetics and chromatin. (uab.edu)
Chromocenter1
- In addition, our results show that HSF1 localizes to the sex body prior to the meiotic divisions and to the sex chromocenter after completed meiosis. (abo.fi)
Modifiers1
- DNA repair pathways function less well, chromatin modifiers become misregulated, and noise in gene expression increases. (uab.edu)
Nuclear2
- In higher eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is compartmentalized into distinct chromatin territories to facilitate the regulation of complex processes such as DNA repair, transcription and replication. (biomedcentral.com)
- Briggs D.K. The individuality of nuclear chromatin with particular reference to polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. (ijmhr.org)
Polycomb1
- Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
Barr1
- The term sex chromatin comprises of two superficially dissimilar structures known as Barr body in epithelial cells, other tissue cells and as Drumstick appearance in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (ijmhr.org)
Females2
- In this system gene expression of sex-specific loci is reduced in the heterogametic sex i.e. the females in ZZ/ZW systems and males in XX/XY systems. (wikipedia.org)
- Sex chromatin is a chromatin mass of 1 micron size usually seen at the periphery of nucleus in females. (ijmhr.org)
Regulates1
- PRC1 regulates chromatin organization and gene transcription. (rndsystems.com)
Genome2
- Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
- We are manipulating genome content, heterochromatin amount, DNA repair pathways, and more to define their role in sex-specific aging. (uab.edu)
Combs4
- Here, we rule out these explanations, as well as effects on the nervous system more generally, and find instead that the effects of yellow on male mating success are mediated by its effects on pigmentation of male-specific leg structures called sex combs. (elifesciences.org)
- The experiments showed that yellow fruit flies mated poorly not because of changes in their brain but because of changes in specialized structures on their legs called sex combs. (elifesciences.org)
- The yellow males lack melanin pigments in their sex combs, which changes their structure. (elifesciences.org)
- This explains why yellow flies often fail to mate and why fruit flies have sex combs in the first place. (elifesciences.org)
Genetic2
- Cannabis sativa L. is one of the best studied species under the aspect of genetic determinism of the sex, but the problem is not yet entirely deciphered. (researchgate.net)
- Genetic sexing strains (GSS), such as the Ceratitis capitata (medfly) VIENNA 8 strain, facilitate male-only releases and improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of sterile insect technique (SIT) applications. (bvsalud.org)
Dynamics1
- Our work offers a comprehensive and high-resolution roadmap for dissecting chromatin state transition dynamics during the epigenomic reprogramming of human and mouse FGCs. (nature.com)
Regulators1
- In addition to classical gene regulatory networks noted above, we have recently identified a central role for additional biologic mechanisms, namely gene regulation by chromatin regulators and by noncoding RNAs. (stanford.edu)
Klinefelter1
- A sex chromatin study should be performed to exclude Klinefelter syndrome when appropriate. (medscape.com)
Transcription factor2
- To the best of our knowledge, HSF1 is the first known transcription factor found at the repressed sex chromatin during meiosis. (abo.fi)
- Mechanistic studies revealed sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), a self-renewal associated transcription factor, as a key driver of FSC acquisition and fibrogenesis. (cdc.gov)
Structure3
- One pathway, which has been extensively studied in yeast, is mainly guided by chromatin structure and the other, analyzed in detail in mice, is driven by the sequence-specific DNA-binding PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9). (springer.com)
- We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
- Binding with the PHF8 protein is part of the process that changes the structure of chromatin (chromatin remodeling) to alter how tightly regions of DNA are packaged. (medlineplus.gov)
Study3
- A Study of Sex Cheromatin Form Buccal Smear. (ijmhr.org)
- We conducted linear regressions analyses (adjusted for sex, waist circumference, physical activity, hormone use, and season) to assess the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and biomarkers of dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in the study population. (cdc.gov)
- The possibility that the effects of vitamin D on cardiometabolic disease differ by sex warrants further study. (cdc.gov)
Nucleus1
- Outside of the nucleus, the PHF8 protein cannot interact with chromatin to regulate gene expression. (medlineplus.gov)
Molecular1
- However, how molecular programs within individual cell types vary across individuals by age and sex remains poorly characterized. (github.io)
Expression1
- 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
Establishment1
- In breeding activity, the early establishment of the sex would be necessary, imposed by the necessity to remove, from agronomic reasons, the male plants or the high masculinized monoecious plants. (researchgate.net)
State1
- However, the comprehensive chromatin state has not yet been analyzed for human fetal germ cells (FGCs). (nature.com)
Complex1
- Thus, the hemp is included, according to some authors, in the category of plants with male heterogamy, whereas the others sustain the idea of a complex sex determinism, seen as resultant of interaction between individual hereditary potencies and the environmental factors. (researchgate.net)
Specific1
- Sex-specific BMI latent class trajectories were derived using latent class growth modeling from up to 22 possible BMI values from age 1 month to 42 years measured between 1969 and 2004. (cdc.gov)
Cells1
- Chromatin remodeling is important for the epigenetic reprogramming of human primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
Found1
- SOX9 gene) of autosome 17 has an effect on how the gonads will develop, for instance, a dysfunctional SOX9 gene has been found to be associated with sex reversals. (biologyonline.com)