Sucrose
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Sweetening Agents
beta-Fructofuranosidase
Glucosyltransferases
Taste
Fructose
Starch
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Sucrase
Dietary Carbohydrates
Cell Fractionation
Glucaric Acid
Streptococcus mutans
Maltose
Phloem
Plant Proteins
Raffinose
Fructokinases
Glycoside Hydrolases
Trehalose
Hypertonic Solutions
Taste Threshold
Glucose
Quinine
Taste Perception
Microscopy, Electron
Carbohydrates
Molecular Sequence Data
Cryoprotective Agents
Plant Leaves
Culture Media
Osmosis
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Saccharum
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose
Dextranase
Conditioning, Operant
Cell Membrane
Biological Transport
Osmolar Concentration
Glucans
Tritium
Water
Membrane Transport Proteins
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Feeding Behavior
Subcellular Fractions
Osmotic Pressure
Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. II. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release by polysaccharides in response to Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. (1/4572)
The release of lysosomal hydrolases from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) has been postulated in the pathogenesis of tissue injury in periodontal disease. In the present study, lysosomal enzyme release was monitored from rabbit peritoneal exudate PMNs exposed to Streptocccus mutans or Streptococcus sanguis. S. mutans grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth failed to promote significant PMN enzyme release. S. sanguis grown in BHI broth, although more effective than S. mutants, was a weak stimulus for promotion of PMN hydrolase release. Preincubation of washed, viable S. mutans in sucrose or in different-molecular-weight dextrans resulted in the ability of the organisms to provoke PMN release reactions. This effect could bot be demonstrated with boiled or trypsinized S. mutans or with viable S. sanguis. However, when grown in BHI broth supplemented with sucrose, but not with glucose, both S. mutans and S. sanguis triggered discharge of PMN enzymes. The mechanism(s) whereby dextran or sucrose modulates PMN-bacterial interaction may in some manner be related to promotion of microbial adhesiveness or aggregation by dextran and by bacterial synthesis of glucans from sucrose. (+info)Survey of total error of precipitation and homogeneous HDL-cholesterol methods and simultaneous evaluation of lyophilized saccharose-containing candidate reference materials for HDL-cholesterol. (2/4572)
BACKGROUND: Standardization of HDL-cholesterol is needed for risk assessment. We assessed for the first time the accuracy of HDL-cholesterol testing in The Netherlands and evaluated 11 candidate reference materials (CRMs). METHODS: The total error (TE) of HDL-cholesterol measurements was assessed in native human sera by 25 Dutch clinical chemistry laboratories. Concomitantly, the suitability of lyophilized, saccharose-containing CRMs (n = 11) for HDL-cholesterol was evaluated. RESULTS: In the precipitation method group, which included 25 laboratories and four methods, the mean (minimum-maximum) TE was 11.5% (2.7-25.2%), signifying that 18 of 25 laboratories satisfied the TE goal of +info)Purification and characterization of rat hippocampal CA3-dendritic spines associated with mossy fiber terminals. (3/4572)
We report a revised and improved isolation procedure for CA3-dendritic spines, most of them still in association with mossy fiber terminals resulting in a 7.5-fold enrichment over nuclei and a 29-fold enrichment over myelin. Additionally, red blood cells, medullated fibers, mitochondria and small synaptosomes were significantly depleted. We show by high resolution electron microscopy that this subcellular fraction contains numerous dendritic spines with a rich ultrastructure, e.g. an intact spine apparatus, membranous organelles, free and membrane-bound polyribosomes, endocytic structures and mitochondria. This improved experimental system will allow us to study aspects of post-synaptic functions at the biochemical and molecular level. (+info)Site-directed mutagenesis of loop L3 of sucrose porin ScrY leads to changes in substrate selectivity. (4/4572)
The difference in substrate selectivity of the maltodextrin (LamB) and sucrose (ScrY) porins is attributed mainly to differences in loop L3, which is supposed to constrict the lumen of the pores. We show that even a single mutation (D201Y) in loop L3 leads to a narrowing of the substrate range of ScrY to that resembling LamB. In addition, we removed the putative N-terminal coiled-coil structure of ScrY and studied the effect of this deletion on sucrose transport. (+info)Characterization of the divergent sacBK and sacAR operons, involved in sucrose utilization by Lactococcus lactis. (5/4572)
The divergently transcribed sacBK and sacAR operons, which are involved in the utilization of sucrose by Lactococcus lactis NZ9800, were examined by transcriptional and gene inactivation studies. Northern analyses of RNA isolated from cells grown at the expense of different carbon sources revealed three sucrose-inducible transcripts: one of 3.2 kb containing sacB and sacK, a second of 3.4 kb containing sacA and sacR, and a third of 1.8 kb containing only sacR. The inactivation of the sacR gene by replacement recombination resulted in the constitutive transcription of the sacBK and sacAR operons in the presence of different carbon sources, indicating that SacR acts as a repressor of transcription. (+info)Oligofructose stimulates calcium absorption in adolescents. (6/4572)
BACKGROUND: In rats, nondigestible oligosaccharides stimulate calcium absorption. Recently, this effect was also found in human subjects. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate whether consumption of 15 g oligofructose/d stimulates calcium absorption in male adolescents. DESIGN: Twelve healthy, male adolescents aged 14-16 y received, for 9 d, 15 g oligofructose or sucrose (control treatment) daily over 3 main meals. The treatments were given according to a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, separated by a 19-d washout period. On the 8th day of each treatment period, 44Ca was given orally with a standard breakfast containing approximately 200 mg Ca. Within half an hour after administration of 44Ca, 48Ca was administered intravenously. Fractional calcium absorption was computed from the enrichment of 44Ca:43Ca and 48Ca:43Ca in 36-h urine samples, which was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: An increase in true fractional calcium absorption (%) was found after consumption of oligofructose (mean difference +/- SE of difference: 10.8+/-5.6; P < 0.05, one sided). The results are discussed in relation to the methods used. CONCLUSION: Fifteen grams of oligofructose per day stimulates fractional calcium absorption in male adolescents. (+info)Rapid induction of functional and morphological continuity between severed ends of mammalian or earthworm myelinated axons. (7/4572)
The inability to rapidly restore the loss of function that results from severance (cutting or crushing) of PNS and CNS axons is a severe clinical problem. As a novel strategy to help alleviate this problem, we have developed in vitro procedures using Ca2+-free solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG solutions), which within minutes induce functional and morphological continuity (PEG-induced fusion) between the cut or crushed ends of myelinated sciatic or spinal axons in rats. Using a PEG-based hydrogel that binds to connective tissue to provide mechanical strength at the lesion site and is nontoxic to nerve tissues in earthworms and mammals, we have also developed in vivo procedures that permanently maintain earthworm myelinated medial giant axons whose functional and morphological integrity has been restored by PEG-induced fusion after axonal severance. In all these in vitro or in vivo procedures, the success of PEG-induced fusion of sciatic or spinal axons and myelinated medial giant axons is measured by the restored conduction of action potentials through the lesion site, the presence of intact axonal profiles in electron micrographs taken at the lesion site, and/or the intra-axonal diffusion of fluorescent dyes across the lesion site. These and other data suggest that the application of polymeric fusiogens (such as our PEG solutions), possibly combined with a tissue adherent (such as our PEG hydrogels), could lead to in vivo treatments that rapidly and permanently repair cut or crushed axons in the PNS and CNS of adult mammals, including humans. (+info)Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (8/4572)
Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulated the activities of collagen galactosyl- and glucosyl-transferases in chick-embryo extract and its particulate fractions in vitro, whereas essentially no stimulation was noted in the high-speed supernatant, where the enzymes are soluble and membrane-free. The stimulatory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine was masked by 0.1% Triton X-100. In kinetic experiments lysophosphatidylcholine raised the maximum velocities with respect to the substrates and co-substrates, whereas no changes were observed in the apparant Km values. Phospholipase A preincubation of the chick-embryo extract resulted in stimulation of both transferase activities, probably gy generating lysophosphatides from endogenous phospholipids. No stimulation by lysophosphatidylcholine was found when tested with 500-fold-purified glycosyltransferase. The results suggest that collagen glycosyltransferases must be associated with the membrane structures of the cell in order to be stimulated by lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine could have some regulatory significance in vivo, since its concentration in the cell is comparable with that which produced marked stimulation in vitro. (+info)Sucrose is a type of simple sugar, also known as a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and is often extracted and refined for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.
The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O11, and it has a molecular weight of 342.3 g/mol. In its pure form, sucrose is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a reference compound for determining the sweetness of other substances, with a standard sucrose solution having a sweetness value of 1.0.
Sucrose is absorbed by the body through the small intestine and metabolized into glucose and fructose, which are then used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. While moderate consumption of sucrose is generally considered safe, excessive intake can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.
Dietary sucrose is a type of sugar that is commonly found in the human diet. It is a disaccharide, meaning it is composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is naturally occurring in many fruits and vegetables, but it is also added to a wide variety of processed foods and beverages as a sweetener.
In the body, sucrose is broken down into its component monosaccharides during digestion, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. While small amounts of sucrose can be part of a healthy diet, consuming large amounts of added sugars, including sucrose, has been linked to a variety of negative health outcomes, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. Therefore, it is recommended that people limit their intake of added sugars and focus on getting their sugars from whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient is a medical laboratory technique used to separate and purify different components of a mixture based on their size, density, and shape. This method involves the use of a centrifuge and a density gradient medium, such as sucrose or cesium chloride, to create a stable density gradient within a column or tube.
The sample is carefully layered onto the top of the gradient and then subjected to high-speed centrifugation. During centrifugation, the particles in the sample move through the gradient based on their size, density, and shape, with heavier particles migrating faster and further than lighter ones. This results in the separation of different components of the mixture into distinct bands or zones within the gradient.
This technique is commonly used to purify and concentrate various types of biological materials, such as viruses, organelles, ribosomes, and subcellular fractions, from complex mixtures. It allows for the isolation of pure and intact particles, which can then be collected and analyzed for further study or use in downstream applications.
In summary, Centrifugation, Density Gradient is a medical laboratory technique used to separate and purify different components of a mixture based on their size, density, and shape using a centrifuge and a density gradient medium.
Sweetening agents are substances that are added to foods or drinks to give them a sweet taste. They can be natural, like sugar (sucrose), honey, and maple syrup, or artificial, like saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose. Artificial sweeteners are often used by people who want to reduce their calorie intake or control their blood sugar levels. However, it's important to note that some sweetening agents may have potential health concerns when consumed in large amounts.
Beta-fructofuranosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of certain sugars, specifically those that have a fructose molecule bound to another sugar at its beta-furanose form. This enzyme is also known as invertase or sucrase, and it plays a crucial role in breaking down sucrose (table sugar) into its component parts, glucose and fructose.
Beta-fructofuranosidase can be found in various organisms, including yeast, fungi, and plants. In yeast, for example, this enzyme is involved in the fermentation of sugars during the production of beer, wine, and bread. In humans, beta-fructofuranosidase is present in the small intestine, where it helps to digest sucrose in the diet.
The medical relevance of beta-fructofuranosidase lies mainly in its role in sugar metabolism and digestion. Deficiencies or mutations in this enzyme can lead to various genetic disorders, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), which is characterized by the inability to digest certain sugars properly. This condition can cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming foods containing sucrose or other affected sugars.
Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a glucose molecule from an activated donor to an acceptor molecule, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic bond. These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, cell wall synthesis, and protein glycosylation. In some cases, GTs can also contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by facilitating the attachment of bacteria to host tissues through the formation of glucans, which are polymers of glucose molecules.
GTs can be classified into several families based on their sequence similarities and catalytic mechanisms. The donor substrates for GTs are typically activated sugars such as UDP-glucose, TDP-glucose, or GDP-glucose, which serve as the source of the glucose moiety that is transferred to the acceptor molecule. The acceptor can be a wide range of molecules, including other sugars, proteins, lipids, or small molecules.
In the context of human health and disease, GTs have been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, inflammation, and microbial infections. For example, some GTs can modify proteins on the surface of cancer cells, leading to increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Additionally, GTs can contribute to bacterial resistance to antibiotics by modifying the structure of bacterial cell walls or by producing biofilms that protect bacteria from host immune responses and antimicrobial agents.
Overall, Glucosyltransferases are essential enzymes involved in various biological processes, and their dysregulation has been associated with several human diseases. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of GTs is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these enzymes and treat related pathological conditions.
In a medical context, taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts with taste buds, which are specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue. The tongue's surface contains papillae, which house the taste buds. These taste buds can identify five basic tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (savory). Different areas of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes, but all taste buds can detect each of the five tastes, although not necessarily equally.
Taste is a crucial part of our sensory experience, helping us identify and differentiate between various types of food and drinks, and playing an essential role in appetite regulation and enjoyment of meals. Abnormalities in taste sensation can be associated with several medical conditions or side effects of certain medications.
Fructose is a simple monosaccharide, also known as "fruit sugar." It is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that is found in fruits, vegetables, and honey. Fructose has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and is a hexose, or six-carbon sugar.
Fructose is absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion and is metabolized primarily in the liver. It is sweeter than other sugars such as glucose and sucrose (table sugar), which makes it a popular sweetener in many processed foods and beverages. However, consuming large amounts of fructose can have negative health effects, including increasing the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a bit of confusion here. Starch is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a nutritional and biochemical concept. Here's a brief explanation:
Starch is a complex carbohydrate that serves as the primary form of energy storage in plants. It is made up of long chains of glucose molecules and can be found in various foods such as grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Amylase, an enzyme present in our saliva and digestive system, helps break down starch into simpler sugars during the digestion process so that our bodies can absorb them for energy.
I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any other questions or need further information on a medical topic, please don't hesitate to ask.
Isomaltose is a type of disaccharide, which is a complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides. It is specifically composed of two glucose molecules linked together in a way that forms a straight chain. Isomaltose can be found naturally in some foods such as honey and fermented products, and it can also be produced industrially as a sweetener.
In the medical field, isomaltose may be relevant in the context of carbohydrate metabolism disorders or in relation to certain types of diagnostic tests that measure the ability to digest and absorb specific sugars. However, it is not a commonly used term in most areas of medical practice.
Carbohydrate metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is then used for energy or stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. This process involves several enzymes and chemical reactions that convert carbohydrates from food into glucose, fructose, or galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body.
The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Insulin is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels are high, such as after a meal, and promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released when blood sugar levels are low and signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism can result from genetic defects or acquired conditions that affect the enzymes or hormones involved in this process. Examples include diabetes, hypoglycemia, and galactosemia. Proper management of these disorders typically involves dietary modifications, medication, and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels.
Fructans are a type of carbohydrate known as oligosaccharides, which are made up of chains of fructose molecules. They are found in various plants, including wheat, onions, garlic, and artichokes. Some people may have difficulty digesting fructans due to a lack of the enzyme needed to break them down, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and stomach pain. This condition is known as fructan intolerance or fructose malabsorption. Fructans are also considered a type of FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols), which are short-chain carbohydrates that can be poorly absorbed by the body and may cause digestive symptoms in some individuals.
Food preferences are personal likes or dislikes towards certain types of food or drinks, which can be influenced by various factors such as cultural background, individual experiences, taste, texture, smell, appearance, and psychological factors. Food preferences can also be shaped by dietary habits, nutritional needs, health conditions, and medication requirements. They play a significant role in shaping an individual's dietary choices and overall eating behavior, which can have implications for their nutritional status, growth, development, and long-term health outcomes.
Sucrase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Its primary function is to break down sucrose, also known as table sugar or cane sugar, into its component monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. This process allows for the absorption of these simple sugars into the bloodstream, where they can be used as energy sources by the body's cells.
Sucrase is often deficient in people with certain genetic disorders, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), which leads to an impaired ability to digest sucrose and results in gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming sugary foods or beverages. In these cases, a sucralose-based diet may be recommended to alleviate the symptoms.
Dietary carbohydrates refer to the organic compounds in food that are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with a general formula of Cm(H2O)n. They are one of the three main macronutrients, along with proteins and fats, that provide energy to the body.
Carbohydrates can be classified into two main categories: simple carbohydrates (also known as simple sugars) and complex carbohydrates (also known as polysaccharides).
Simple carbohydrates are made up of one or two sugar molecules, such as glucose, fructose, and lactose. They are quickly absorbed by the body and provide a rapid source of energy. Simple carbohydrates are found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and sweeteners like table sugar, honey, and maple syrup.
Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, are made up of long chains of sugar molecules that take longer to break down and absorb. They provide a more sustained source of energy and are found in foods such as whole grains, legumes, starchy vegetables, and nuts.
It is recommended that adults consume between 45-65% of their daily caloric intake from carbohydrates, with a focus on complex carbohydrates and limiting added sugars.
Cell fractionation is a laboratory technique used to separate different cellular components or organelles based on their size, density, and other physical properties. This process involves breaking open the cell (usually through homogenization), and then separating the various components using various methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and ultracentrifugation.
The resulting fractions can include the cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and other organelles. Each fraction can then be analyzed separately to study the biochemical and functional properties of the individual components.
Cell fractionation is a valuable tool in cell biology research, allowing scientists to study the structure, function, and interactions of various cellular components in a more detailed and precise manner.
Glucaric acid, also known as saccharic acid, is not a medication or a medical treatment. It is an organic compound that occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, apples, and corn. Glucaric acid is a type of dicarboxylic acid, which means it contains two carboxyl groups.
In the human body, glucaric acid is produced as a byproduct of glucose metabolism and can be found in small amounts in urine. It is also produced synthetically for industrial uses, such as in the production of cleaning products, textiles, and plastics.
There has been some research on the potential health benefits of glucaric acid, including its role in detoxification and cancer prevention. However, more studies are needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended intake levels or dosages. Therefore, it is not currently considered a medical treatment for any specific condition.
Cariogenic agents are substances that contribute to the development of dental caries, or tooth decay. The primary culprit is typically oral bacteria, especially mutans streptococci, which metabolize sugars and produce acid as a byproduct. This acid can erode the enamel of teeth, leading to cavities. Other factors, such as certain dietary habits (e.g., frequent consumption of sugary or starchy foods) and poor oral hygiene, can also contribute to the cariogenic process.
Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic species of bacteria that's part of the normal microbiota of the oral cavity in humans. It's one of the primary etiological agents associated with dental caries, or tooth decay, due to its ability to produce large amounts of acid as a byproduct of sugar metabolism, which can lead to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. The bacterium can also adhere to tooth surfaces and form biofilms, further contributing to the development of dental caries.
Maltose is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules joined by an alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond. It is commonly found in malted barley and is created during the germination process when amylase breaks down starches into simpler sugars. Maltose is less sweet than sucrose (table sugar) and is broken down into glucose by the enzyme maltase during digestion.
Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, from leaves, where they are produced in photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant such as roots and stems. It also transports amino acids and other substances. Phloem is one of the two types of vascular tissue, the other being xylem; both are found in the vascular bundles of stems and roots. The term "phloem" comes from the Greek word for bark, as it often lies beneath the bark in trees and shrubs.
"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.
Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.
Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate, specifically an oligosaccharide, that is composed of three sugars: galactose, fructose, and glucose. It is a non-reducing sugar, which means it does not undergo oxidation reactions like reducing sugars do.
Raffinose is found in various plants, including beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and whole grains. It is a member of the class of carbohydrates known as alpha-galactosides.
In humans, raffinose cannot be digested because we lack the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, which is necessary to break down the bond between galactose and glucose in raffinose. As a result, it passes through the small intestine intact and enters the large intestine, where it is fermented by gut bacteria. This fermentation process can lead to the production of gases such as methane and hydrogen, which can cause digestive discomfort, bloating, and flatulence in some individuals.
It's worth noting that raffinose has been studied for its potential prebiotic properties, as it can promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. However, excessive consumption may lead to digestive issues in sensitive individuals.
Fructokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates fructose into fructose-1-phosphate in the metabolism of dietary sugars. It plays a crucial role in fructose metabolism, particularly in the liver, kidneys, and intestines. In humans, there are several isoforms of fructokinase, including ketohexokinase (KHK-A and KHK-C) and liver fructokinase (KHK-B). Disorders in fructose metabolism, such as hereditary fructose intolerance, can result from mutations in the gene encoding for fructokinase.
Glycoside hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds found in various substrates such as polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins. These enzymes break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars by cleaving the glycosidic linkages that connect monosaccharide units.
Glycoside hydrolases are classified based on their mechanism of action and the type of glycosidic bond they hydrolyze. The classification system is maintained by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Each enzyme in this class is assigned a unique Enzyme Commission (EC) number, which reflects its specificity towards the substrate and the type of reaction it catalyzes.
These enzymes have various applications in different industries, including food processing, biofuel production, pulp and paper manufacturing, and biomedical research. In medicine, glycoside hydrolases are used to diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions, such as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, a rare inherited disorder affecting the structure of glycoproteins.
Sodium Chloride is defined as the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is commonly known as table salt or halite, and it is used extensively in food seasoning and preservation due to its ability to enhance flavor and inhibit bacterial growth. In medicine, sodium chloride is used as a balanced electrolyte solution for rehydration and as a topical wound irrigant and antiseptic. It is also an essential component of the human body's fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission.
Trehalose is a type of disaccharide, which is a sugar made up of two monosaccharides. It consists of two glucose molecules joined together in a way that makes it more stable and resistant to breakdown by enzymes and heat. This property allows trehalose to be used as a protectant for biological materials during freeze-drying and storage, as well as a food additive as a sweetener and preservative.
Trehalose is found naturally in some plants, fungi, insects, and microorganisms, where it serves as a source of energy and protection against environmental stresses such as drought, heat, and cold. In recent years, there has been interest in the potential therapeutic uses of trehalose for various medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
Medically speaking, trehalose may be used in some pharmaceutical formulations as an excipient or stabilizer, and it is also being investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases. However, its use as a medical treatment is still not widely established, and further research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy.
A hypertonic solution is a type of bodily fluid or medical solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution with which it is being compared. In the context of medicine and physiology, this comparison often refers to the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells versus the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells.
In a hypertonic solution, there are more particles or solute molecules per unit of volume compared to another solution. When a cell is exposed to a hypertonic environment, water molecules tend to move out of the cell and into the surrounding fluid in an attempt to balance out the concentration gradient. This can lead to cell shrinkage or dehydration, as the intracellular fluid level decreases.
An example of a hypertonic solution is seawater, which has a higher solute concentration than human blood plasma. If someone with normal blood composition were to drink seawater, water would move out of their cells and into the surrounding fluids due to osmosis, potentially causing severe dehydration and other harmful effects.
Taste threshold is the minimum concentration of a taste substance that can be detected by the taste buds. It is the point at which a person can just discriminate the presence of a specific taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or umami) from plain water or another tastant. The taste threshold can be measured through various methods, such as whole-mouth tastings or using specialized taste strips, and it can vary among individuals due to factors like age, genetics, and exposure to certain chemicals or medications.
Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.
In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.
Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.
Quinine is defined as a bitter crystalline alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree, primarily used in the treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite within red blood cells. Quinine has also been used historically as a muscle relaxant and analgesic, but its use for these purposes is now limited due to potential serious side effects. In addition, quinine can be found in some beverages like tonic water, where it is present in very small amounts for flavoring purposes.
Taste perception refers to the ability to recognize and interpret different tastes, such as sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, which are detected by specialized sensory cells called taste buds located on the tongue and other areas in the mouth. These taste signals are then transmitted to the brain, where they are processed and identified as specific tastes. Taste perception is an important sense that helps us to appreciate and enjoy food, and it also plays a role in our ability to detect potentially harmful substances in our diet.
Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).
In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.
In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.
REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.
Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.
Saccharin is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is widely used as an artificial sweetener. Medically speaking, saccharin is classified as an intense sugar substitute, meaning it is many times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) but contributes little to no calories when added to food or drink.
Saccharin is often used by people with diabetes or those who are trying to reduce their calorie intake. It has been in use for over a century and has undergone extensive safety testing. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified saccharin as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), although it once required a warning label due to concerns about bladder cancer. However, subsequent research has largely dismissed this risk for most people, and the warning label is no longer required.
It's important to note that while saccharin and other artificial sweeteners can be helpful for some individuals, they should not be used as a replacement for a balanced diet and regular exercise. Additionally, excessive consumption of these sugar substitutes may have negative health consequences, such as altering gut bacteria or contributing to metabolic disorders.
Carbohydrates are a major nutrient class consisting of organic compounds that primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are classified as saccharides, which include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).
Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis. Disaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar), are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.
Oligosaccharides contain a small number of monosaccharide units, typically less than 20, while polysaccharides consist of long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides can be further classified into starch (found in plants), glycogen (found in animals), and non-starchy polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and pectin.
Carbohydrates play a crucial role in providing energy to the body, with glucose being the primary source of energy for most cells. They also serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin), participate in various metabolic processes, and contribute to the taste, texture, and preservation of foods.
Aspartame is a synthetic, low-calorie sweetener that is commonly used as a sugar substitute in foods and beverages. It is composed of two amino acids, aspartic acid and phenylalanine, and a methanol molecule. Aspartame is approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar, so only a small amount is needed to provide the same level of sweetness.
In the body, aspartame is broken down into its component parts during digestion. The aspartic acid and phenylalanine are absorbed and used for normal bodily functions, while the methanol is converted into formaldehyde and then formic acid, which are eliminated from the body.
Aspartame is approved for use in foods and beverages by many health authorities, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). However, it has been the subject of some controversy, with some studies suggesting that it may be associated with health problems such as headaches, dizziness, and seizures. These claims have not been consistently supported by scientific research, and the FDA and EFSA consider aspartame to be safe for the general population when used in moderation.
It is important to note that people with a rare genetic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) must avoid aspartame because they are unable to metabolize phenylalanine, which can build up to toxic levels in their bodies. Foods and beverages containing aspartame must carry a warning label indicating its presence for this reason.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Cryoprotective agents are substances that are used to protect biological material from damage during freezing and thawing. These agents work by reducing the amount of ice that forms in the cells, which can help to prevent the formation of damaging ice crystals. Commonly used cryoprotective agents include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and ethylene glycol.
When biological material, such as cells or tissues, is cooled to very low temperatures for storage or transportation, the water in the cells can freeze and form ice crystals. These ice crystals can damage the cell membranes and other structures within the cell, leading to cell death. Cryoprotective agents help to prevent this by lowering the freezing point of the solution that the cells are stored in, which reduces the amount of ice that forms.
Cryoprotective agents are often used in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to protect sperm, eggs, and embryos during freezing and thawing. They are also used in research settings to preserve cells and tissues for later use. It is important to note that while cryoprotective agents can help to reduce the amount of damage that occurs during freezing and thawing, they cannot completely prevent it. Therefore, it is important to carefully control the freezing and thawing process to minimize any potential harm to the biological material.
Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate that is made up of two monosaccharide units bonded together. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, or galactose. When two monosaccharides are joined together through a condensation reaction, they form a disaccharide.
The most common disaccharides include:
* Sucrose (table sugar), which is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.
* Lactose (milk sugar), which is composed of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule.
* Maltose (malt sugar), which is composed of two glucose molecules.
Disaccharides are broken down into their component monosaccharides during digestion by enzymes called disaccharidases, which are located in the brush border of the small intestine. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond that links the two monosaccharides together, releasing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy.
Disorders of disaccharide digestion and absorption can lead to various symptoms, such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. For example, lactose intolerance is a common condition in which individuals lack sufficient levels of the enzyme lactase, leading to an inability to properly digest lactose and resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
Osmosis is a physiological process in which solvent molecules move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, through a semi-permeable membrane, with the goal of equalizing the solute concentrations on the two sides. This process occurs naturally and is essential for the functioning of cells and biological systems.
In medical terms, osmosis plays a crucial role in maintaining water balance and regulating the distribution of fluids within the body. For example, it helps to control the flow of water between the bloodstream and the tissues, and between the different fluid compartments within the body. Disruptions in osmotic balance can lead to various medical conditions, such as dehydration, swelling, and electrolyte imbalances.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
"Saccharum" is not a medical term, but a genus name in botany. It refers to the sugarcane plant (*Saccharum officinarum*), which is a tall perennial grass native to tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The sap of this plant contains high amounts of sucrose and has been used as a sweetener for thousands of years.
In a medical context, "saccharum" might be encountered in the form of sugar-based ingredients, such as dextrose (glucose) or sucrose, which are derived from sugarcane or other sugar-rich plants. These substances can be used in various medical applications, including intravenous fluids and nutritional supplements.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose (UDP-glucose) is a nucleotide sugar that plays a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates in the body. It is formed from uridine triphosphate (UTP) and glucose-1-phosphate through the action of the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.
UDP-glucose serves as a key intermediate in various biochemical pathways, including glycogen synthesis, where it donates glucose molecules to form glycogen, a large polymeric storage form of glucose found primarily in the liver and muscles. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of other carbohydrate-containing compounds such as proteoglycans and glycolipids.
Moreover, UDP-glucose is an essential substrate for the enzyme glucosyltransferase, which is responsible for adding glucose molecules to various acceptor molecules during the process of glycosylation. This post-translational modification is critical for the proper folding and functioning of many proteins.
Overall, UDP-glucose is a vital metabolic intermediate that plays a central role in carbohydrate metabolism and protein function.
Dextranase is an enzyme that breaks down dextran, a type of complex sugar (polysaccharide) consisting of many glucose molecules linked together in a chain. Dextran is produced by certain bacteria and can be found in some foods, as well as in the body during infections or after surgery. Dextranase is used medically to help prevent or treat complications associated with dextran, such as blockages in blood vessels caused by the accumulation of dextran molecules. It may also be used in research and industry for various purposes, including the production of clarified fruit juices and wine.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, either reinforcing or punishing the behavior. It was first described by B.F. Skinner and involves an association between a response (behavior) and a consequence (either reward or punishment). There are two types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, in which a desirable consequence follows a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again; and negative reinforcement, in which a undesirable consequence is removed following a desired behavior, also increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
For example, if a child cleans their room (response) and their parent gives them praise or a treat (positive reinforcement), the child is more likely to clean their room again in the future. If a child is buckling their seatbelt in the car (response) and the annoying buzzer stops (negative reinforcement), the child is more likely to buckle their seatbelt in the future.
It's important to note that operant conditioning is a form of learning, not motivation. The behavior is modified by its consequences, regardless of the individual's internal state or intentions.
A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.
Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.
Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:
1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.
Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:
1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.
Osmolar concentration is a measure of the total number of solute particles (such as ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution per liter of solvent (usually water), which affects the osmotic pressure. It is expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L). Osmolarity and osmolality are related concepts, with osmolarity referring to the number of osmoles per unit volume of solution, typically measured in liters, while osmolality refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent. In clinical contexts, osmolar concentration is often used to describe the solute concentration of bodily fluids such as blood or urine.
Glucans are polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) that are made up of long chains of glucose molecules. They can be found in the cell walls of certain plants, fungi, and bacteria. In medicine, beta-glucans derived from yeast or mushrooms have been studied for their potential immune-enhancing effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand their role and effectiveness in human health.
Tritium is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry. Tritium (symbol: T or 3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton in its nucleus. It is also known as heavy hydrogen or superheavy hydrogen.
Tritium has a half-life of about 12.3 years, which means that it decays by emitting a low-energy beta particle (an electron) to become helium-3. Due to its radioactive nature and relatively short half-life, tritium is used in various applications, including nuclear weapons, fusion reactors, luminous paints, and medical research.
In the context of medicine, tritium may be used as a radioactive tracer in some scientific studies or medical research, but it is not a term commonly used to describe a medical condition or treatment.
Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.
In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:
1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.
Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Membrane transport proteins are specialized biological molecules, specifically integral membrane proteins, that facilitate the movement of various substances across the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. They are responsible for the selective and regulated transport of ions, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and other molecules into and out of cells, as well as within different cellular compartments. These proteins can be categorized into two main types: channels and carriers (or pumps). Channels provide a passive transport mechanism, allowing ions or small molecules to move down their electrochemical gradient, while carriers actively transport substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy usually in the form of ATP. Membrane transport proteins play a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis, signaling processes, and many other physiological functions.
Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.
In this process:
1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.
EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.
Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:
1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.
Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Subcellular fractions refer to the separation and collection of specific parts or components of a cell, including organelles, membranes, and other structures, through various laboratory techniques such as centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. These fractions can be used in further biochemical and molecular analyses to study the structure, function, and interactions of individual cellular components. Examples of subcellular fractions include nuclear extracts, mitochondrial fractions, microsomal fractions (membrane vesicles), and cytosolic fractions (cytoplasmic extracts).
Osmotic pressure is a fundamental concept in the field of physiology and biochemistry. It refers to the pressure that is required to be applied to a solution to prevent the flow of solvent (like water) into it, through a semi-permeable membrane, when the solution is separated from a pure solvent or a solution of lower solute concentration.
In simpler terms, osmotic pressure is the force that drives the natural movement of solvent molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane. This process is crucial for maintaining the fluid balance and nutrient transport in living organisms.
The osmotic pressure of a solution can be determined by its solute concentration, temperature, and the ideal gas law. It is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), or pascals (Pa). In medical contexts, understanding osmotic pressure is essential for managing various clinical conditions such as dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and dialysis treatments.
Carbon isotopes are variants of the chemical element carbon that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common and stable isotope of carbon is carbon-12 (^{12}C), which contains six protons and six neutrons. However, carbon can also come in other forms, known as isotopes, which contain different numbers of neutrons.
Carbon-13 (^{13}C) is a stable isotope of carbon that contains seven neutrons in its nucleus. It makes up about 1.1% of all carbon found on Earth and is used in various scientific applications, such as in tracing the metabolic pathways of organisms or in studying the age of fossilized materials.
Carbon-14 (^{14}C), also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that contains eight neutrons in its nucleus. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen gas. Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years, which makes it useful for dating organic materials, such as archaeological artifacts or fossils, up to around 60,000 years old.
Carbon isotopes are important in many scientific fields, including geology, biology, and medicine, and are used in a variety of applications, from studying the Earth's climate history to diagnosing medical conditions.
Sucrose
Sucrose esters
Sucrose intolerance
Sucrose-phosphatase
Sucrose octapropionate
Sucrose gap
Sucrose phosphorylase
Sucrose synthase
Sucrose octaacetate
Iron sucrose
Sucrose-phosphate synthase
Sucrose lysis test
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
Galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase
Sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase
Sucrose α-glucosidase
Sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar
Sucrose-1,6-alpha-glucan 3(6)-alpha-glucosyltransferase
Sucrose:1,6-, 1,3-α-D-glucan 3-α- and 6-α-D-glucosyltransferase
White sugar
History of sugar
Botany
Sulfur
Iron polymaltose
The Delgados
Yersinia frederiksenii
Raymond Lemieux
Turanose
Carbohydrate
Sucrose - Wikipedia
Sucrose solutions | Bartleby
sucrose
Iron Sucrose Injection: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Sucrose Archives - Egypt Independent
SUCROSE - ACGIH
Honeyeater evolution for high sucrose diet | Newsroom | University of Adelaide
COVID-19 (coronavirus 2019, tris-sucrose) vaccine, Pfizer Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
I'll Not Deny in Sucrose Blinds by Jessie Ní Leacaí
Global Sucrose Cocoate Market 2023
EFSA gives positive opinion for sucrose esters of fatty acids
The effects of sucrose and sodium on blood pressures in various substrains of Wistar rats
Sucrose metabolism (WP2623) - Arabidopsis thaliana | WikiPathways
Rare sugar may replace sucrose for bakery and beyond
Sucrose, ≥99%, Cell Culture Reagent, MP Biomedicals™ | Fisher Scientific
Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing heel lance | Cochrane
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate - Carbomer
Difference Between Sucrose and Fructose | Difference Between
MPD: Measures involving sucrose
Industrial Screening of Sucrose Powders
Analysis of the Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters by Atmospheric-pressure Ionization MS with Electrospray Ionization Spectrometry
Pages that link to "Sucrose" - CAMEO
Sustane SAIB CO (Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate) - Food Grade - Kosher | Eastman
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 8659 : The effect of housing and gender on preference for morphine-sucrose solutions in rats :...
PD Dr. Stefan Immel - Conformation of Sucrose
Process for producing surface-active agents from sucrose - Patent US-3018281-A - PubChem
Frontiers | Dynamical feedback between circadian clock and sucrose availability explains adaptive response of starch metabolism...
Effect of Sucrose on Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis Pathway in Stevia rebaudiana
Fructose18
- Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. (wikipedia.org)
- In sucrose, the monomers glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the glucosyl subunit and C2 on the fructosyl unit. (wikipedia.org)
- Fructose exists as a mixture of five tautomers but sucrose has only the β-D-fructofuranose form. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike most disaccharides, the glycosidic bond in sucrose is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the non-reducing end of the other. (wikipedia.org)
- C12H22O11 + heat → 12 C + 11 H2O 12C + 12 O2 → 12 CO2 Hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose into glucose and fructose. (wikipedia.org)
- Likewise, gastric acidity converts sucrose to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Sucrose A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. (scitoys.com)
- Birds that only occasionally feed on nectar are not as good at digesting sucrose, and the plants they usually feed on tend to have mostly the sugars glucose and fructose in their nectar, which are simpler to digest. (edu.au)
- Sucrose is sugar wherein two small molecules (glucose and fructose) combine together to form one large molecule. (differencebetween.net)
- When sucrose is digested, it separates into the glucose and fructose molecules. (differencebetween.net)
- 1.Sucrose is a type of sugar that is formed by combining two small molecules into one large molecule while fructose is one of the molecules found in sucrose. (differencebetween.net)
- 2.Sucrose is the most common type of sugar and comes in the form of refined, confectioner, baker's, and coarse sugar while fructose is not as widely used as sucrose although it is also available for use in baking and other food preparations. (differencebetween.net)
- 3.Fructose has high amounts of fat as it is converted into free fatty acids and triglycerides while sucrose does not. (differencebetween.net)
- 4.One can get fructose from fruits and honey while sucrose can be obtained from fruits and vegetables. (differencebetween.net)
- 5.Fructose is recommended for use by diabetics while sucrose is not. (differencebetween.net)
- 6.Fructose is sweeter, and any food or drinks only need less of it to obtain the same amount of sweetness that can be had with a larger amount of sucrose. (differencebetween.net)
- You claim that High Fructose Corn Syrup and sucrose (table sugar) are equivalent. (bevindustry.com)
- As the tablet coat contains sucrose (41.2 mg), patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase- isomaltase insufficiency should not take Buscopan Tablets. (janusinfo.se)
Starch9
- During the day they feed on photosynthetic carbon, sucrose, while storing a part into starch for night use. (frontiersin.org)
- Careful control of carbon partitioning, starch degradation, and sucrose export rates is crucial to avoid carbon starvation, insuring optimal growth whatever the photoperiod. (frontiersin.org)
- This allows the leaves avoiding running out of starch, and therefore sucrose during night. (frontiersin.org)
- During digestion, your body breaks down carbohydrates like starch, fiber and sucrose into the sugar molecule glucose. (healthfully.com)
- Objectives: A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet has been found to improve gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome, as well as reduce weight and improve psychological well-being. (lu.se)
- Our hypothesis was that a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet would also be beneficial in other conditions with similar symptoms. (lu.se)
- The aim of the present research letter was to describe the role of a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet in a pilot project in patients with diarrhea having varying causes. (lu.se)
- Methods: One man, age 36 y, suffering from functional diarrhea and one woman, 56 y, suffering from microscopic colitis, were randomized to a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet for 4 wk. (lu.se)
- Conclusions: A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet may lead to weight reduction, reduced symptoms, and improved well-being in several patient categories, not only in patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. (lu.se)
Effect of sucrose2
- Effect of Sucrose Solution on Osmosis Aim: The aim of the experiment is to show how varying the concentration of sucrose solution affects osmosis by changing different molar solutions of sucrose and water and how it affects the potato. (bartleby.com)
- Results are uncertain about the effect of sucrose compared to NNS, breastfeeding, laser acupuncture, and facilitated tucking, in reducing pain scores. (cochrane.org)
Amount of sucrose1
- The amount of sucrose you consume when eating fruits and vegetables is not usually excessive, but you do need to be careful when eating foods with added sucrose, especially sweets and processed foods. (healthfully.com)
Effects of sucrose1
- An experimental study examining the effects of sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants, showed significant differences in the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores between infants administered sucrose and sterile water but not on electroencephlography (EEG) measures of nociceptive central nervous system activity. (ucl.ac.uk)
Solutions of sucrose1
- Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change. (wikipedia.org)
Esters14
- The European Food Safety Authority has issued a positive safety opinion on sucrose esters produced by reacting sucrose and vinyl esters of fatty acids, which could open up new possibilities for improving the solubility of flavourings in drinks. (foodnavigator.com)
- Sucrose esters of fatty acids are already permitted in the EU, after being assessed in 1992 and assigned the E-number E473. (foodnavigator.com)
- The earlier approval relates to sucrose esters of fatty acids and sucroglycerides from palm oil, lard, and tallow fatty acids. (foodnavigator.com)
- But Singaporean company Compass Foods applied in 2008 for approval to market sucrose esters from monoesters of lauric acid, mysteristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. (foodnavigator.com)
- These sucrose esters are produced via a different process, by reacting sucrose and vinyl esters of fatty acids. (foodnavigator.com)
- EFSA was asked to assess the safety of the sucrose esters produced via this process by the European Commission - as well as whether the go-ahead to use the sucrose esters of fatty acids in water-based beverages would increase total intake levels beyond the current ADI of 40mg/kg. (foodnavigator.com)
- It found that, as long as the ADI of 40mg/kg is not exceeded, the sucrose esters of fatty acids produced by the new process do not pose a safety issue. (foodnavigator.com)
- However in Ireland, where sucrose esters of fatty acids are used more commonly as a glazing agent for fruits, some consumers could exceed the ADI. (foodnavigator.com)
- In order for the new esters to be permitted, EFSA pointed out that the current specifications would have to be changed to include the sucrose ester of lauric acid. (foodnavigator.com)
- Commercial and synthesized sucrose fatty acid esters were qualitatively analyzed by atmospheric-pressure ionization MS with electrospray ionization. (degruyter.com)
- the sucrose fatty acid esters are mixture of two types of nonionic surfactants: sucrose palmitates and sucrose stearates. (degruyter.com)
- The results indicate the atmospheric-pressure ionization MS with electrospray ionization analysis is an effective method for the analysis of sucrose esters composed of different isomers. (degruyter.com)
- The rapid and highly sensitive atmospheric-pressure ionization MS with electrospray ionization analysis technique proposed here is well suited for direct characterization of sucrose esters. (degruyter.com)
- and sucrose esters of fatty acids. (who.int)
Iron sucrose10
- Iron sucrose injection is used treat iron-deficiency anemia (a lower than normal number of red blood cells due to too little iron) in people with chronic kidney disease (damage to the kidneys which may worsen over time and may cause the kidneys to stop working). (medlineplus.gov)
- Iron sucrose injection is in a class of medications called iron replacement products. (medlineplus.gov)
- Iron sucrose injection comes as a solution (liquid) to inject intravenously (into a vein) by a doctor or nurse in a medical office or hospital outpatient clinic. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your doctor will determine how often you receive iron sucrose injection and your total number of doses based on your condition and how well you respond to the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
- Iron sucrose injection may cause severe or life-threatening reactions while you receive the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your doctor will watch you carefully while you receive each dose of iron sucrose injection and for at least 30 minutes afterwards. (medlineplus.gov)
- or any of the ingredients in iron sucrose injection. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you become pregnant while receiving iron sucrose injection treatment, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you miss an appointment to receive iron sucrose injection, call your doctor as soon as possible. (medlineplus.gov)
- Iron sucrose injection may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
Sugars6
- The word sucrose was coined in 1857, by the English chemist William Miller from the French sucre ("sugar") and the generic chemical suffix for sugars -ose. (wikipedia.org)
- Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. (wikipedia.org)
- This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units, and prevents sucrose from spontaneously reacting with cellular and circulatory macromolecules in the manner that glucose and other reducing sugars do. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, sucrose and other sugars are frequently added to processed foods to enhance flavor, increasing the calories but not the actual nutrients. (healthfully.com)
- According to the American Heart Association, women should limit their intake of added sucrose and other sugars to fewer than 100 calories a day, or around 6 teaspoons. (healthfully.com)
- We found that sucrose has the strongest inhibitory effect on xylem differentiation among several types of sugars . (bvsalud.org)
Fatty acid2
- Her main field of research is sucrose fatty acid ester surfactants and synthesis and physical chemistry of surfactants. (degruyter.com)
- Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester : Esterification produces a nonionic detergent consisting of a mixture of sucrose or fatty acids. (tatayoung.com)
Concentration9
- Investigation of Factors Affect Osmosis in Potatoes Aim The aim of the following experiment was to investigate the effect of varying the concentration of sucrose solution on osmosis in a potato. (bartleby.com)
- Introduction: In this investigation I will be exploring the effect of varying concentration of sucrose sugar solution on the amount of activity between the solution and the potatoes. (bartleby.com)
- Title: The effect the molarity of sucrose solution has on osmolarity Introduction: Passive transport occurs when substances move from high concentration areas to a lower concentration region. (bartleby.com)
- An investigation to find the water potential of potato and carrot tubers in a sucrose solution, of concentration 0.00 - 0.50Mol, over a 24 hour period Interpretation Written Communication C1 From our graph it can be seen that the concentration of sucrose solution is 0.18 M at 0% change in mass for the potato and 0.355 M at 0% change in mass for the carrot. (bartleby.com)
- An interesting fact regarding sucrose responsiveness is that a specific concentration of sucrose is a necessity for plant growth and survival and at the same time mere increase or decrease from the normal concentration produces adverse results. (scialert.net)
- The rate of sucrose drinking prior to, and following each irradiation, as well as the degree of the conditioned aversion, varied directly with the concentration of the sucrose solution. (dtic.mil)
- We propose two new sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical fibers to determine the concentration of sucrose in products such as beverages, honey, condensed milk, etc., in real-time during the fabrication process or when the product has been manufactured. (ugr.es)
- We have carried out a numerical simulation with these sensors to show how they can detect small changes in the refractive index depending on the concentration of sucrose where the device is immersed. (ugr.es)
- Moreover, the sensors have an alarm system that is triggered when the sucrose concentration is insufficient or excessive. (ugr.es)
Carbohydrates3
- Your body uses sucrose as fuel for energy, like it uses other, more complex carbohydrates. (healthfully.com)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH, buffering capacity (BC), total carbohydrates and sucrose in 15 sugar-free and light processed fruit juices. (bvsalud.org)
- The total carbohydrates were determined using the phenol sulfuric method, while the sucrose was determined through the incubation of each sample with the invertase enzyme. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose3
- Glucose exists predominantly as a mixture of α and β "pyranose" anomers, but sucrose has only the α form. (wikipedia.org)
- Sucrose does not seem to reduce pain from single heel lances compared to glucose, expressed breast milk, and skin-to-skin care. (cochrane.org)
- Sucrose compared to glucose, expressed breast milk, and skin-to-skin care shows little to no difference in pain scores. (cochrane.org)
Mixtures2
- as a result, the observed increase in the T g of the mixtures is the consequence of the confinement of the amorphous sucrose domains in the interstitial space between the lysozyme molecules. (lu.se)
- SAXS analysis of amorphous lysozyme-sucrose mixtures and unfolding of lysozyme in this environment show that prior to unfolding, the size and shape of lysozyme in a solid sucrose matrix are consistent with its native state in an aqueous solution. (lu.se)
Steviol glycosides3
- In present study, we analyzed the effect of varying sucrose (1, 3 and 5%) concentrations on the genes involved in steviol glycoside biosynthesis pathway and content of steviol glycosides. (scialert.net)
- Furthermore, the quantitative estimation of steviol glycosides in leaves revealed that approximately 4.5 times higher glycosides accumulated in 5% sucrose treated plants than that in 3 and 1% treated plants. (scialert.net)
- Present work thus suggests that sucrose might be acting as an enhancer of transcriptional trigger to the genes of steviol glycoside biosynthesis pathway that could positively manipulate the production of steviol glycosides. (scialert.net)
Analgesia2
- What is sucrose analgesia? (cochrane.org)
- Oral sucrose analgesia for venepuncture. (bvsalud.org)
Consumption5
- For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet. (wikipedia.org)
- "The excessive consumption of sucrose can be ill-advised because of the high calorie content and a high glycemic response," wrote lead author Yuanxia Sun from Kagawa University. (confectionerynews.com)
- To determine whether opiate consumption is affected by laboratory housing, individually caged and colony rats were given a choice between water and progressively more palatable morphine-sucrose solutions. (erowid.org)
- In the experimental phase during which morphine-sucrose solution consumption was greatest, the isolated females drank five times as much, and the isolated males sixteen times as much morphine (mg/kg) as the colony females and males respectively. (erowid.org)
- However, mPFC inactivation reversed the effect of REM sleep loss on sucrose consumption without affecting fat consumption. (elifesciences.org)
Concentrations3
- This will happen by using different concentrations of sucrose (20%, 40%, 60%) afterwards, the change in mass ratio would be observed over time. (bartleby.com)
- conducted in order to explore the process of diffusion and osmosis and more importantly to investigate the question of "Does different concentrations of sucrose solutions have an effect on the final weight for the potato tubers? (bartleby.com)
- Sucrose (table sugar) is mixed with water in various concentrations (usually 24%) and is given to babies in very small amounts (e.g. a few drops) about two minutes before a painful procedure. (cochrane.org)
Polysaccharide2
- Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for tooth decay because Streptococcus mutans bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to cohere, forming plaque. (wikipedia.org)
- Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide. (wikipedia.org)
19961
- In addition, sucrose also acts as gene regulator ( Koch, 1996 ). (scialert.net)
Amorphous1
- Sorption calorimetry experiments demonstrate that the hydration behavior of this formulation is similar to that of the pure amorphous sucrose, while the presence of lysozyme only shifts the sucrose transitions. (lu.se)
Purity1
- The purity of sucrose is measured by polarimetry, through the rotation of plane-polarized light by a sugar solution. (wikipedia.org)
Notably2
- Notably, the sucrose ester of lauric acid was not considered in the evaluation that led to this ADI. (foodnavigator.com)
- The sugar is not exploited to any great extent in the food industry, but research published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry indicates the potential of the sugar to find application in a range of products, most notably as a sucrose substitute. (confectionerynews.com)
Sweetener1
- Many products that are typically high in added sugar, like soft drinks and ice cream, offer no-sucrose versions sweetened with a no-calorie sweetener. (healthfully.com)
Emulsifier3
- Sucrose cocoate, derived from the reaction between sucrose (a type of sugar) and coconut fatty acids, is an emulsifier, surfactant, and conditioning agent commonly utilized in the cosmetic and personal care industry. (aarkstore.com)
- Key factors driving adoption include sucrose cocoates multifunctional properties as an emulsifier, conditioning agent, and texture enhancer. (aarkstore.com)
- Key factors driving personal care adoption include sucrose cocoates multifunctional properties as an emulsifier, conditioning agent, and texture enhancer in skincare, haircare, and decorative cosmetics. (aarkstore.com)
Tooth decay1
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, sucrose can cause tooth decay because it fuels the bacteria that produce the plaque that causes cavities. (healthfully.com)
Substitutes5
- You can easily cut down on sucrose by using other sweeteners as substitutes for sugar 2 . (healthfully.com)
- Indeed, diabetic chocolate or teeth-sparing chocolate has already been manufactured by direct preparation from milk products, chocolate liquor containing up to 50% native cocoa butter and cocoa butter, with the use of sucrose substitutes. (justia.com)
- With certain sucrose substitutes (in the form supplied today) the technological reaction to the 5-rolling mills is also inadequate. (justia.com)
- A further disadvantage of the sucrose substitutes employed in present-day form is the organoleptic properties of the diabetic and teeth-sparing milk chocolates. (justia.com)
- C.) made necessary by the physical properties (low melting point and/or water of crystalization) of the sucrose substitutes. (justia.com)
Solution4
- The solution conformation of sucrose in water was investigated using molecular dynamics with explicit incorporation of water (sucrose in a truncated octahedron periodic box with 571 water molecules) and umbrella sampling techniques (GROMOS force-field [2] ). (tu-darmstadt.de)
- The animation displays a 'morphed' sequence of the solid-sate geometry, the global energy-minimum vaccum-structure, and the solution conformation of sucrose (capped-stick models, respectively). (tu-darmstadt.de)
- preference test in which one bottle contained water and the second bottle contained either water or a 4, 8, 16, or 32 sucrose solution. (dtic.mil)
- Washed red blood cells are incubated in an isotonic sucrose solution containing normal ABO compatible serum. (medscape.com)
Fruits and vegetables2
- Sucrose is a sugar, a simple carbohydrate, found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. (healthfully.com)
- However, do not skimp on your fruits and vegetables just because they contain sucrose, as they are major sources of the vitamins and minerals you need to be healthy. (healthfully.com)
20231
- Gain a reliable outlook of the global sucrose cocoate market forecasts from 2023 to 2029 across scenarios. (aarkstore.com)
Density2
- However, 1 and 5% sucrose was to be affecting stomatal and trichome density, including the germination rate in comparison to 3% sucrose. (scialert.net)
- The goal of this project was therefore to refine an existing method for bulk isolation of small bacteriophages from soil via sucrose density gradients. (uni.edu)
Metabolic2
- We assume the three key metabolic rates to be circadian regulated in leaves and that their phases of oscillations are shifted in response to sucrose starvation. (frontiersin.org)
- Sucrose has been reported to enter into various metabolic pathways and initiate release of energy wherever required. (scialert.net)
High4
- Sucrose does not melt at high temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
- It has 70 per cent the sweetness of sucrose, but also has functional properties like gelling activity, good flavour, as well as high antioxidation activity. (confectionerynews.com)
- "The results did not show a clear mechanism by which addition of psicose induced the high foaming property of egg white protein, but confirmed that the addition of psicose was much more effective than the addition of sucrose, especially in the case of a longer whipping," they wrote. (confectionerynews.com)
- The date is one of the most nutrient-dense fruit which is low in fat and protein but high in sucrose. (magiran.com)
Sugar6
- Sugar mills - typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown - crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. (wikipedia.org)
- The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. (wikipedia.org)
- Since sucrose contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non-reducing sugar. (wikipedia.org)
- The rare sugar D-psicose may be an ideal substitute for sucrose, and have the added benefits of boosting antioxidant activity and boosting shelf-life, say Japanese researchers. (confectionerynews.com)
- For the cookies, the rare sugar was used as a partial sucrose replacer. (confectionerynews.com)
- 1. Wheat is much more glycemic than table sugar (sucrose). (beingwellagingwell.com)
Physiological1
- Physiological and genetic analysis suggested that sucrose might function through the BES1 transcription factor , which is the central regulator of vascular cell differentiation . (bvsalud.org)
Outcomes1
- We need studies that assess the effect of repeated sucrose administration on immediate (pain intensity) and long-term (neurodevelopmental) outcomes. (cochrane.org)
Purification1
- Lode, Ryan, "Optimizing Sucrose Gradients for Small Bacteriophage Purification" (2016). (uni.edu)
Carbon3
- The formula for sucrose's decomposition can be represented as a two-step reaction: the first simplified reaction is dehydration of sucrose to pure carbon and water, and then carbon oxidises to CO2 with O2 from air. (wikipedia.org)
- In tissue culture conditions, sucrose is utilized as carbon source. (scialert.net)
- From times till date, studies have well documented the multifarious important functions of carbon source sucrose during plant development from their germination to maturity. (scialert.net)
Calories1
- Men should consume no more than 150 calories from added sucrose, or around 9 teaspoons. (healthfully.com)
Content3
- The higher endogenous sucrose content in 5% sucrose treated plants than that in 3 or 1% treated plants suggested the uptake of exogenously available sucrose by plants. (scialert.net)
- however, the water supplier can be the added sucrose substitute itself, for example when it has a large water content itself or if water is combined with it in the form of water of crystallization. (justia.com)
- The sucrose content verified in each drink was very low and varied from 0.60 to 0.93 g / 200 mL. (bvsalud.org)
Water2
- Partial correlations were conducted to examine the correlations between the PIPP subscales and EEG measures after controlling for experimental condition (sucrose/sterile water). (ucl.ac.uk)
- After controlling for experimental condition (sucrose/sterile water), no significant partial correlation was found between any PIPP subscale and EEG measure. (ucl.ac.uk)
Widely1
- Within personal care, sucrose cocoate is widely adopted across facial care, body care, hair care, and color cosmetics. (aarkstore.com)
Protein2
- Furthermore, the honeybees fed with date syrup had an average of 51.64 percent protein, whereas those treated with sucrose syrup had a percentage of 47.5. (magiran.com)
- Using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, sorption calorimetry, and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we have characterized the properties at low (re)hydration levels of the protein lysozyme, which was freeze-dried together with the excipient sucrose. (lu.se)
Affects1
- We need to assess how sucrose affects neonates who are extremely preterm, unstable, or ventilated (or a combination of these factors). (cochrane.org)
Aversion1
- A classically conditioned aversion was induced by pairing the taste of sucrose with an exposure to 100 R of X-rays 5 Rmin. (dtic.mil)
Found1
- Naturally occurring sucrose, like that found in fruit, is not necessarily bad for you. (healthfully.com)
Bulk1
- On the other hand, artificial intense sweeteners (such as aspartame, sucralose, saccharin, and cyclamate) are almost calorie-free, but their function is only to sweeten and inherently lack the bulk of sucrose. (confectionerynews.com)
Functional1
- As major cosmetic and personal care brands continue to leverage sucrose cocoates sensory and functional benefits, its usage across facial care, body care, hair care, and color cosmetic products is expected to rise. (aarkstore.com)
Percentage1
- Note that the percentage of hemolysis on sucrose hemolysis test can vary based on the temperature at which the test is performed, the type of blood used (defibrinated or whole blood), and recent multiple blood transfusions that can dilute the percentage of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) cells. (medscape.com)