Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.
Aseptic or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The major types are idiopathic (primary), as a complication of fractures or dislocations, and LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE.
Necrotic jaws or other maxillofacial skeleton necrosis associated with bisphosphonate use (see BISPHOSPHONATES). Injury, dental procedures, and trauma can trigger the necrotic process.
'Jaw diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint, jawbones, or the surrounding muscles, including but not limited to dental disorders, jaw fractures, tumors, infections, and developmental abnormalities.
The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.
Maxillary diseases refer to various medical conditions primarily affecting the maxilla (upper jaw) bone, including inflammatory processes, tumors, cysts, or traumatic injuries, which may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or functional impairment.
Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.
'Mandibular diseases' refer to various medical conditions that primarily affect the structure, function, or health of the mandible (lower jawbone), including but not limited to infections, tumors, developmental disorders, and degenerative diseases.
The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Types of prosthetic joints in which both wear surfaces of the joint coupling are metallic.
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
A family of flightless, running BIRDS, in the order Casuariiformes. The emu is the only surviving member of the family. They naturally inhabit forests, open plains, and grasslands in Australia.
Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of DENTAL SCALING and DENTAL POLISHING. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supra- and subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction.
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.
Replacement of the hip joint.
The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The application, via IMPLANTED ELECTRODES, of short bursts of electrical energy in the radiofrequency range, interspersed with pauses in delivery of the current long enough to dissipate the generated heat and avoid heat-induced tissue necrosis.
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
Tantalum. A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.
The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.
A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.
Congenital dislocation of the hip generally includes subluxation of the femoral head, acetabular dysplasia, and complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum. This condition occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in females than in males.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.
Replacement for a hip joint.
The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
The magnetic stimulation of specific target tissues or areas of the body for therapeutic purposes via the application of magnetic fields generated by MAGNETS or ELECTROMAGNETS.
An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.
Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion.
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
Surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Pain in the joint.

Total knee replacement: should it be cemented or hybrid? (1/476)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the complication rates associated with total knee arthroplasty against the types of fixation (hybrid or cemented), using a single total knee design (the anatomic modular knee [AMK] prosthesis). DESIGN: A prospective, nonrandomized, controlled trial. SETTING: University Hospital in London, Ont., a tertiary care teaching centre. PATIENTS: Two groups made up of 484 knees in 395 patients (89 bilateral). INTERVENTIONS: In 260 knees a hybrid configuration (cemented tibia and noncemented femur) was used (group 1). In 224 knees the femoral and tibial components were cemented (group 2). All patellae were cemented in both groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical results were assessed by The Knee Society Clinical Rating Scores at 3 months, 6 months and yearly intervals. Radiographic results were determined by 3-foot standing radiographs and at each follow-up visit standing knee radiographs, lateral and skyline views. Radiographs were analysed for alignment, presence or absence of radiolucent lines or changes in the position of the implant. All reoperations and nonoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: At an average follow-up of 4.8 years, 8 knees (1.6%) required reoperation. An analysis of the complications leading to reoperation demonstrated no difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in outcome whether the femoral component was cemented or not. Medium-term results of the AMK are excellent with a very low reoperation rate.  (+info)

Osteonecrosis of the hip in sickle-cell disease associated with tuberculous arthritis. A review of 15 cases. (2/476)

We report a study of 15 cases of tuberculous hips with sickle-cell disease who presented during 1991-1993. Although the osteonecrosis was long-standing, biopsy was nearly always required to reveal the more recent tuberculous infection. Management consisted of 6 months of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy with appropriate palliative surgery 5-8 weeks after the start of drug treatment. The operative techniques which we used are described. The results were good both post-operatively, and in 12 patients followed-up at an average of 3 years. We recommend this combined management for the treatment of secondary tuberculous infections of hips previously damaged by sickle-cell disease.  (+info)

Disseminated thrombosis and bone infarction in female rats following inhalation exposure to 2-butoxyethanol. (3/476)

Groups of 10 male and 10 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 31, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 ppm of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) by inhalation, 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 13 wk. Four moribund female rats from the 500 ppm group were sacrificed during the first 4 days of exposure, and 1 moribund female from the same group was sacrificed during week 5. Dark irregular mottling and/or loss of the distal tail were noted in sacrificed moribund rats. Similar gross lesions were noted in the terminally sacrificed females exposed to 500 ppm BE. Histologic changes noted in the day 4 sacrificed moribund rats included disseminated thrombosis involving the coccygeal vertebrae, cardiac atrium, lungs, liver, pulp of the incisor teeth, and the submucosa of the anterior section of the nasal cavity. Alterations noted in coccygeal vertebrae from the 500 ppm sacrificed moribund rats included ischemic necrosis and/or degeneration of bone marrow cells, bone-lining cells, osteocytes (within cortical and trabecular bone), and chondrocytes (both articular and growth plate), changes that are consistent with an infarction process. The moribund female rat that was sacrificed during week 5 and those female rats treated with 500 ppm and sacrificed following 13 wk of treatment lacked thrombi, but they had coccygeal vertebral changes consistent with prior infarction and transient or complete bone growth arrest. No bone lesions or thrombi were noted in the male rats treated with the same doses of BE. In conclusion, exposure to 500 ppm BE vapors caused acute disseminated thrombosis and bone infarction in female rats. Possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.  (+info)

Treatment of autoimmune premature ovarian failure. (4/476)

There is no known immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune premature ovarian failure that has been proven safe and effective by prospective randomized placebo-controlled study. Nevertheless, immunosuppression using corticosteroids has been used on an empirical basis for this condition. Here we present two cases of young women with premature ovarian failure who were treated with glucocorticoids in the hopes of restoring fertility. The first case illustrates the potential benefit of such therapy, and the second case illustrates a potential risk. The first patient with histologically proven autoimmune oophoritis was treated with alternate day glucocorticoid treatment. She had return of menstrual bleeding six times and ovulatory progesterone concentrations four times over a 16 week period. The second patient with presumed but unconfirmed autoimmune ovarian failure was referred to us after having been treated with a 9 month course of corticosteroids. During that treatment her menses did not resume. The corticosteroid treatment was complicated by iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and osteonecrosis of the knee. Identifying patients with autoimmune premature ovarian failure presents the opportunity to restore ovarian function by treating these patients with the proper immune modulation therapy. On the other hand, potent immune modulation therapy can have major complications. Corticosteroid therapy for autoimmune premature ovarian failure should be limited to use in placebo-controlled trials designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of such treatment.  (+info)

Fat conversion of femoral marrow in glucocorticoid-treated patients: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study with magnetic resonance imaging. (5/476)

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in hematopoietic marrow in patients given glucocorticoid (steroid) therapy. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the proximal femur were obtained in an unselected series of 29 premenopausal female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in a series of 29 age-matched healthy female subjects. In a longitudinal analysis, 2 MRI studies were performed 19 months apart in 11 patients with SLE (including 9 patients from the cross-sectional study who were evaluated before treatment) and in 7 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The percentage of fat marrow and the index of marrow conversion (IMC) were derived from the MRI images to estimate the degree of transformation of hematopoietic into fatty marrow in the area of the femoral neck. Values observed in the cross-sectional study and their changes over time were correlated with treatment data. RESULTS: The cross-sectional study performed in SLE patients indicated that their mean (+/- SD) percentage of fat marrow (48+/-36%) and IMC (82+/-12) were significantly more elevated than those in the healthy control subjects (18+/-16% and 75+/-6, respectively) (P<0.01). The magnitude of fat conversion correlated positively with the mean daily dose of oral prednisolone, and was higher in patients with ischemic bone lesions. The longitudinal study performed in SLE and RA patients revealed that IMC changes over time correlated positively with daily prednisolone intake (r = 0.71; P = 0.001), fat conversion occurring exclusively in patients receiving a mean prednisolone dose < or =7.5 mg/day. CONCLUSION: MRI indicates that fat conversion occurs in the proximal femur of steroid-treated patients. The magnitude of fat conversion correlates with steroid intake and is higher in patients with ischemic bone lesions.  (+info)

Unusual complications in an inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. (6/476)

An unusual case of an inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA) associated with coronary aneurysms and pathological fracture of the adjacent lumbar vertebrae. The associated coronary lesions in cases of IAAA are usually occlusions. In the present case, it was concluded that a possible cause of the coronary aneurysm was coronary arteritis and the etiology of the pathological fracture of the lumbar vertebrae was occlusion of the lumbar penetrating arteries due to vasculitis resulting in aseptic necrosis. Inflammatory AAA can be associated with aneurysms in addition to occlusive disease in systemic arteries. The preoperative evaluation of systemic arterial lesions and the function of systemic organs is essential.  (+info)

Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head: a differential diagnosis in acute onset of coxarthrosis in the elderly. (7/476)

OBJECTIVE: To document subchondral insufficiency fracture (SIF) of the femoral head and investigate its frequency. METHODS: The study was based on a retrospective review of 464 removed femoral heads (from 419 patients) with both radiologic and histologic evidence of subchondral collapse. Gross photographs, specimen radiographs, and histologic sections were reevaluated in all cases. Available clinical notes and imaging studies were also reviewed. RESULTS: Ten cases previously diagnosed as osteonecrosis were reinterpreted as SIF on a histopathologic basis. All of these patients were women over 65 years old (average age 75) with osteopenia. The initial symptom was acute onset of hip pain. Radiologically, a subchondral collapse, mainly in the superolateral segment of the femoral head, was noted. Magnetic resonance imaging, available in 3 cases, showed diffuse low intensity on T1-weighted images and high intensity on T2-weighted or fat-suppressed images. Bone scintigraphy, available in 4 cases, showed increased uptake in the femoral head. Histopathologically, a 1.0-2.5-cm long linear whitish gray zone, comprising fracture callus and granulation tissue, was found beneath the subchondral bone end plate. There was no evidence of antecedent osteonecrosis. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that SIF should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute onset of coxarthrosis in the elderly.  (+info)

Use of magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose common wrist disorders. (8/476)

Magnetic resonance imaging is being used more frequently to diagnose and plan treatment of wrist disorders. This article reviews the common pathologic lesions of the wrist: avascular necrosis, triangular fibrocartilage complex tears, ligamentous tears, ganglion cysts, carpal tunnel syndrome, and osteoarthritis. The typical magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of these lesions is discussed.  (+info)

Osteonecrosis is a medical condition characterized by the death of bone tissue due to the disruption of blood supply. Also known as avascular necrosis, this process can lead to the collapse of the bone and adjacent joint surfaces, resulting in pain, limited mobility, and potential deformity if left untreated. Osteonecrosis most commonly affects the hips, shoulders, and knees, but it can occur in any bone. The condition may be caused by trauma, corticosteroid use, alcohol abuse, certain medical conditions (like sickle cell disease or lupus), or for no apparent reason (idiopathic).

Femoral head necrosis, also known as avascular necrosis of the femoral head, is a medical condition that results from the interruption of blood flow to the femoral head, which is the rounded end of the thigh bone that fits into the hip joint. This lack of blood supply can cause the bone tissue to die, leading to the collapse of the femoral head and eventually resulting in hip joint damage or arthritis.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, alcohol abuse, corticosteroid use, radiation therapy, and certain medical conditions such as sickle cell disease and lupus. Symptoms may include pain in the hip or groin, limited range of motion, and difficulty walking. Treatment options depend on the severity and progression of the necrosis and may include medication, physical therapy, or surgical intervention.

Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BAONJ) is a medical condition characterized by the death of bone tissue in the jaw due to the use of bisphosphonate medications. Bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and metastatic cancer that has spread to the bones.

BAONJ typically occurs after a dental procedure, such as tooth extraction or oral surgery, that causes trauma to the jawbone. The use of bisphosphonates can interfere with the body's ability to heal from this trauma, leading to the death of bone tissue in the jaw. Symptoms of BAONJ may include pain, swelling, numbness, and exposed bone in the mouth.

The risk of developing BAONJ is low but increases with higher doses and longer durations of bisphosphonate use. Dental care before starting bisphosphonate therapy and regular dental check-ups during treatment are recommended to reduce the risk of developing BAONJ. If BAONJ does develop, treatment may include antibiotics, pain management, and surgical debridement or removal of necrotic bone tissue.

Jaw diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the surrounding muscles, as well as dental disorders that can impact the jaw. Some common examples include:

1. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD): These are problems with the TMJ and the muscles that control jaw movement. Symptoms may include pain, clicking or popping sounds, and limited movement of the jaw.

2. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: This is a condition where bone in the jaw dies due to lack of blood supply. It can be caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or certain medications.

3. Dental Cavities: These are holes in the teeth caused by bacteria. If left untreated, they can cause pain, infection, and damage to the jawbone.

4. Periodontal Disease: This is an infection of the gums and bones that support the teeth. Advanced periodontal disease can lead to loss of teeth and damage to the jawbone.

5. Jaw Fractures: These are breaks in the jawbone, often caused by trauma.

6. Oral Cancer: This is a type of cancer that starts in the mouth or throat. If not treated early, it can spread to the jaw and other parts of the body.

7. Cysts and Tumors: These are abnormal growths in the jawbone or surrounding tissues. While some are benign (non-cancerous), others can be malignant (cancerous).

8. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bone, often occurring in the lower jaw. It can cause pain, swelling, and fever.

9. Oral Thrush: This is a fungal infection that causes white patches on the inside of the mouth. If left untreated, it can spread to the jaw and other parts of the body.

10. Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses can sometimes cause pain in the upper jaw.

The femoral head is the rounded, ball-like top portion of the femur (thigh bone) that fits into the hip socket (acetabulum) to form the hip joint. It has a smooth, articular cartilage surface that allows for smooth and stable articulation with the pelvis. The femoral head is connected to the femoral neck, which is a narrower section of bone that angles downward and leads into the shaft of the femur. Together, the femoral head and neck provide stability and range of motion to the hip joint.

Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.

Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.

It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.

Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.

Examples of bone density conservation agents include:

1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.

These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.

In medical terms, the jaw is referred to as the mandible (in humans and some other animals), which is the lower part of the face that holds the lower teeth in place. It's a large, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw and serves as a attachment point for several muscles that are involved in chewing and moving the lower jaw.

In addition to the mandible, the upper jaw is composed of two bones known as the maxillae, which fuse together at the midline of the face to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and forms the roof of the mouth, as well as a portion of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.

Together, the mandible and maxillae allow for various functions such as speaking, eating, and breathing.

Maxillary diseases refer to conditions that affect the maxilla, which is the upper bone of the jaw. This bone plays an essential role in functions such as biting, chewing, and speaking, and also forms the upper part of the oral cavity, houses the upper teeth, and supports the nose and the eyes.

Maxillary diseases can be caused by various factors, including infections, trauma, tumors, congenital abnormalities, or systemic conditions. Some common maxillary diseases include:

1. Maxillary sinusitis: Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the maxilla, can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and headaches.
2. Periodontal disease: Infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums and the alveolar bone (which is part of the maxilla), can lead to tooth loss and other complications.
3. Maxillary fractures: Trauma to the face can result in fractures of the maxilla, which can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing or speaking.
4. Maxillary cysts and tumors: Abnormal growths in the maxilla can be benign or malignant and may require surgical intervention.
5. Oral cancer: Cancerous lesions in the oral cavity, including the maxilla, can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

Treatment for maxillary diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices can help prevent many maxillary diseases.

The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm that extends from the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) to the elbow joint. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna bones at the elbow joint. The proximal end of the humerus has a rounded head that provides for movement in multiple planes, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body. The greater and lesser tubercles are bony prominences on the humeral head that serve as attachment sites for muscles that move the shoulder and arm. The narrow shaft of the humerus provides stability and strength for weight-bearing activities, while the distal end forms two articulations: one with the ulna (trochlea) and one with the radius (capitulum). Together, these structures allow for a wide range of motion in the shoulder and elbow joints.

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.

It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.

The hip joint, also known as the coxal joint, is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the pelvis. The "ball" is the head of the femur, while the "socket" is the acetabulum, a concave surface on the pelvic bone.

The hip joint is surrounded by a strong fibrous capsule and is reinforced by several ligaments, including the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction movements, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body.

The hip joint is also supported by various muscles, including the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, iliopsoas, and other hip flexors and extensors. These muscles provide stability and strength to the joint, allowing for weight-bearing activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

Mandibular diseases refer to conditions that affect the mandible, or lower jawbone. These diseases can be classified as congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing after birth). They can also be categorized based on the tissues involved, such as bone, muscle, or cartilage. Some examples of mandibular diseases include:

1. Mandibular fractures: These are breaks in the lower jawbone that can result from trauma or injury.
2. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bone and surrounding tissues, which can affect the mandible.
3. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders: These are conditions that affect the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, causing pain and limited movement.
4. Mandibular tumors: These are abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, and can develop in any of the tissues of the mandible.
5. Osteonecrosis: This is a condition where the bone tissue dies due to lack of blood supply, which can affect the mandible.
6. Cleft lip and palate: This is a congenital deformity that affects the development of the face and mouth, including the lower jawbone.
7. Mandibular hypoplasia: This is a condition where the lower jawbone does not develop properly, leading to a small or recessed chin.
8. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the growth and development of the mandible, such as condylar hyperplasia or hemifacial microsomia.

Tooth extraction is a dental procedure in which a tooth that is damaged or poses a threat to oral health is removed from its socket in the jawbone. This may be necessary due to various reasons such as severe tooth decay, gum disease, fractured teeth, crowded teeth, or for orthodontic treatment purposes. The procedure is performed by a dentist or an oral surgeon, under local anesthesia to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring minimal discomfort during the extraction process.

A Metal-on-Metal (MoM) joint prosthesis is a type of artificial joint replacement where both the ball and socket components are made of metal materials, typically cobalt-chromium alloys. This design was initially developed to offer increased durability, reduced wear, and improved range of motion compared to other types of joint prostheses. However, recent studies have raised concerns about potential adverse effects such as metallosis (metal debris accumulation in the tissue), local soft-tissue reactions, and elevated metal ion levels in the bloodstream, which may lead to systemic health issues. As a result, the use of MoM joint prostheses has become less common in recent years.

Bone transplantation, also known as bone grafting, is a surgical procedure in which bone or bone-like material is transferred from one part of the body to another or from one person to another. The graft may be composed of cortical (hard outer portion) bone, cancellous (spongy inner portion) bone, or a combination of both. It can be taken from different sites in the same individual (autograft), from another individual of the same species (allograft), or from an animal source (xenograft). The purpose of bone transplantation is to replace missing bone, provide structural support, and stimulate new bone growth. This procedure is commonly used in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgeries to repair bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in mature bone tissue. They are star-shaped cells that are located inside the mineralized matrix of bones, with their processes extending into small spaces called lacunae and canaliculi. Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that become trapped within the matrix they produce.

Osteocytes play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis by regulating bone remodeling, sensing mechanical stress, and modulating mineralization. They communicate with each other and with osteoblasts and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) through a network of interconnected processes and via the release of signaling molecules. Osteocytes can also respond to changes in their environment, such as hormonal signals or mechanical loading, by altering their gene expression and releasing factors that regulate bone metabolism.

Dysfunction of osteocytes has been implicated in various bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

The fibula is a slender bone located in the lower leg of humans and other vertebrates. It runs parallel to the larger and more robust tibia, and together they are known as the bones of the leg or the anterior tibial segment. The fibula is the lateral bone in the leg, positioned on the outside of the tibia.

In humans, the fibula extends from the knee joint proximally to the ankle joint distally. Its proximal end, called the head of the fibula, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia and forms part of the inferior aspect of the knee joint. The narrowed portion below the head is known as the neck of the fibula.

The shaft of the fibula, also called the body of the fibula, is a long, thin structure that descends from the neck and serves primarily for muscle attachment rather than weight-bearing functions. The distal end of the fibula widens to form the lateral malleolus, which is an important bony landmark in the ankle region. The lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone of the foot and forms part of the ankle joint.

The primary functions of the fibula include providing attachment sites for muscles that act on the lower leg, ankle, and foot, as well as contributing to the stability of the ankle joint through its articulation with the talus bone. Fractures of the fibula can occur due to various injuries, such as twisting or rotational forces applied to the ankle or direct trauma to the lateral aspect of the lower leg.

Alendronate is a medication that falls under the class of bisphosphonates. It is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men, as well as in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone.

Alendronate works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue. By reducing the activity of osteoclasts, alendronate helps to slow down bone loss and increase bone density, thereby reducing the risk of fractures.

The medication is available in several forms, including tablets and oral solutions, and is typically taken once a week for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. It is important to follow the dosing instructions carefully, as improper administration can reduce the drug's effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects. Common side effects of alendronate include gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, stomach pain, and nausea.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

Dromaiidae is a family of birds that includes only one extant species, the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). The Emu is the second largest bird in the world, after the Ostrich. It is a large, flightless bird native to Australia, known for its long legs and neck. Emus can run at high speeds and have been recorded reaching up to 50 km/h (31 mph). They are omnivorous birds that primarily feed on plants, but will also eat insects and small animals.

Dromaiidae is part of the order Casuariiformes, which also includes the cassowaries, another group of large, flightless birds native to the tropical rainforests of Indonesia, New Guinea, and northeastern Australia. Together, Dromaiidae and Casuariidae are sometimes referred to as the "emu family" or the "cassowary family."

In summary, Dromaiidae is a family of birds that includes only one extant species, the Emu, which is a large, flightless bird native to Australia.

Dental prophylaxis is a dental procedure aimed at the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. It is commonly known as a "teeth cleaning" and is performed by a dentist or dental hygienist. The procedure involves removing plaque, tartar, and stains from the teeth to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. Dental prophylaxis may also include polishing the teeth, applying fluoride, and providing oral hygiene instructions to promote good oral health. It is recommended that individuals receive a dental prophylaxis every six months or as directed by their dentist.

Blood coagulation disorders, inherited, also known as coagulopathies, are genetic conditions that affect the body's ability to form blood clots in response to injury or damage to blood vessels. These disorders can lead to excessive bleeding or hemorrhage, and in some cases, abnormal clotting.

There are several types of inherited blood coagulation disorders, including:

1. Hemophilia A and B: These are X-linked recessive disorders that affect the production of factors VIII and IX, respectively, which are essential for normal blood clotting. People with hemophilia may experience prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery, and spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles.
2. Von Willebrand disease: This is the most common inherited coagulation disorder, affecting both men and women. It results from a deficiency or abnormality of von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps platelets stick to damaged blood vessels and assists in the activation of factor VIII. People with von Willebrand disease may experience excessive bleeding after injury, surgery, or dental work.
3. Factor XI deficiency: This is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the production of factor XI, a protein involved in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. People with factor XI deficiency may have a mild to moderate bleeding tendency, particularly after surgery or trauma.
4. Rare coagulation factor deficiencies: There are several other rare inherited coagulation disorders that affect the production of other clotting factors, such as factors II, V, VII, X, and XIII. These conditions can lead to a range of bleeding symptoms, from mild to severe.

Inherited blood coagulation disorders are usually diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests that measure the levels and function of clotting factors in the blood. Treatment may include replacement therapy with purified clotting factor concentrates, medications to control bleeding, and management of bleeding symptoms as they arise.

Hip arthroplasty, also known as hip replacement surgery, is a medical procedure where the damaged or diseased joint surfaces of the hip are removed and replaced with artificial components. These components typically include a metal or ceramic ball that replaces the head of the femur (thigh bone), and a polyethylene or ceramic socket that replaces the acetabulum (hip socket) in the pelvis.

The goal of hip arthroplasty is to relieve pain, improve joint mobility, and restore function to the hip joint. This procedure is commonly performed in patients with advanced osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hip fractures, or other conditions that cause significant damage to the hip joint.

There are several types of hip replacement surgeries, including traditional total hip arthroplasty, partial (hemi) hip arthroplasty, and resurfacing hip arthroplasty. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's age, activity level, overall health, and the extent of joint damage.

After surgery, patients typically require rehabilitation to regain strength, mobility, and function in the affected hip. With proper care and follow-up, most patients can expect significant pain relief and improved quality of life following hip arthroplasty.

The epiphyses are the rounded ends of long bones in the body, which articulate with other bones to form joints. They are separated from the main shaft of the bone (diaphysis) by a growth plate called the physis or epiphyseal plate. The epiphyses are made up of spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage, which allows for smooth movement between bones. During growth, the epiphyseal plates produce new bone cells that cause the bone to lengthen until they eventually fuse during adulthood, at which point growth stops.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Imidazoles are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a double-bonded nitrogen atom and two additional nitrogen atoms in the ring. They have the chemical formula C3H4N2. In a medical context, imidazoles are commonly used as antifungal agents. Some examples of imidazole-derived antifungals include clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. These medications work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and death of the fungal cells. Imidazoles may also have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure used in pain management and interventional medicine. It involves the use of electrical pulses, delivered via a specialized needle-like probe, to target specific nerves or nerve roots. These electrical pulses are delivered in a controlled and precise manner, at a frequency that does not cause heat damage to the surrounding tissues.

The goal of PRF treatment is to modulate the transmission of pain signals from the affected area to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain. The exact mechanism by which PRF works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the electrical properties of nerve cells and the release of various chemical mediators that influence pain processing.

PRF treatment is typically performed under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, depending on the patient's preference and the specific procedure being performed. It is generally considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure, with few reported side effects. However, as with any medical intervention, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a qualified healthcare provider before undergoing treatment.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Tantalum is not a medical term, but a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. It is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. In the field of medicine, tantalum is often used in the production of medical implants such as surgical pins, screws, plates, and stents due to its biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion. For example, tantalum mesh is used in hernia repair and tantalum rods are used in spinal fusion surgery.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious and potentially disabling complication of radiation therapy, particularly in the head and neck region. It is defined as an area of exposed necrotic bone that fails to heal over a period of 3-6 months in a patient who has received radiation therapy. The pathophysiology of ORN involves damage to blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, leading to hypoxia, hypocellularity, and hypovascularity.

The clinical presentation of ORN includes pain, swelling, trismus (difficulty opening the mouth), foul odor, and purulent drainage. The diagnosis is typically made based on clinical examination and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options for ORN include hyperbaric oxygen therapy, surgical debridement, and antibiotic therapy. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene, dental evaluation before radiation therapy, and avoidance of tobacco and alcohol use.

In medical terms, the hip is a ball-and-socket joint where the rounded head of the femur (thigh bone) fits into the cup-shaped socket, also known as the acetabulum, of the pelvis. This joint allows for a wide range of movement in the lower extremities and supports the weight of the upper body during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The hip joint is surrounded by strong ligaments, muscles, and tendons that provide stability and enable proper functioning.

The knee joint, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a synovial joint that connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The patella (kneecap), which is a sesamoid bone, is located in front of the knee joint and helps in the extension of the leg.

The knee joint is made up of three articulations: the femorotibial joint between the femur and tibia, the femoropatellar joint between the femur and patella, and the tibiofibular joint between the tibia and fibula. These articulations are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

The knee joint is stabilized by several ligaments, including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which provide stability to the sides of the joint, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, which prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. The menisci, which are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, also help to stabilize the joint by absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly across the articular surfaces.

The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation, making it essential for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and sitting.

Congenital hip dislocation, also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where the hip joint fails to develop normally in utero or during early infancy. In a healthy hip, the head of the femur (thigh bone) fits snugly into the acetabulum (hip socket). However, in congenital hip dislocation, the femoral head is not held firmly in place within the acetabulum due to abnormal development or laxity of the ligaments that support the joint.

There are two types of congenital hip dislocations:

1. Teratologic dislocation: This type is present at birth and occurs due to abnormalities in the development of the hip joint during fetal growth. The femoral head may be completely outside the acetabulum or partially dislocated.

2. Developmental dysplasia: This type develops after birth, often within the first few months of life, as a result of ligamentous laxity and shallow acetabulum. In some cases, it can progress to a complete hip dislocation if left untreated.

Risk factors for congenital hip dislocation include family history, breech presentation during delivery, and female gender. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications such as pain, limited mobility, and osteoarthritis. Treatment options may include bracing, closed reduction, or surgical intervention, depending on the severity and age of the child at diagnosis.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A tooth socket, also known as an alveolus (plural: alveoli), refers to the hollow cavity or space in the jawbone where a tooth is anchored. The tooth socket is part of the alveolar process, which is the curved part of the maxilla or mandible that contains multiple tooth sockets for the upper and lower teeth, respectively.

Each tooth socket has a specialized tissue called the periodontal ligament, which attaches the root of the tooth to the surrounding bone. This ligament helps absorb forces generated during biting and chewing, allowing for comfortable and efficient mastication while also maintaining the tooth's position within the jawbone. The tooth socket is responsible for providing support, stability, and nourishment to the tooth through its blood vessels and nerves.

A hip prosthesis, also known as a total hip replacement, is a surgical implant designed to replace the damaged or diseased components of the human hip joint. The procedure involves replacing the femoral head (the ball at the top of the thigh bone) and the acetabulum (the socket in the pelvis) with artificial parts, typically made from materials such as metal, ceramic, or plastic.

The goal of a hip prosthesis is to relieve pain, improve joint mobility, and restore function, allowing patients to return to their normal activities and enjoy an improved quality of life. The procedure is most commonly performed in individuals with advanced osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or other degenerative conditions that have caused significant damage to the hip joint.

There are several different types of hip prostheses available, each with its own unique design and set of benefits and risks. The choice of prosthesis will depend on a variety of factors, including the patient's age, activity level, overall health, and specific medical needs. In general, however, all hip prostheses are designed to provide a durable, long-lasting solution for patients suffering from debilitating joint pain and stiffness.

The ilium is the largest and broadest of the three parts that make up the hip bone or coxal bone. It is the uppermost portion of the pelvis and forms the side of the waist. The ilium has a curved, fan-like shape and articulates with the sacrum at the back to form the sacroiliac joint. The large, concave surface on the top of the ilium is called the iliac crest, which can be felt as a prominent ridge extending from the front of the hip to the lower back. This region is significant in orthopedics and physical examinations for its use in assessing various medical conditions and performing certain maneuvers during the physical examination.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip is a degenerative joint disease that affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the hip joint. It is characterized by the progressive loss of cartilage, remodeling of bone, osteophyte formation (bone spurs), cysts, and mild to moderate inflammation. The degenerative process can lead to pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and crepitus (grating or crackling sound) during movement.

In the hip joint, OA typically affects the femoral head and acetabulum. As the articular cartilage wears away, the underlying bone becomes exposed and can lead to bone-on-bone contact, which is painful. The body responds by attempting to repair the damage through remodeling of the subchondral bone and formation of osteophytes. However, these changes can further limit joint mobility and exacerbate symptoms.

Risk factors for OA of the hip include age, obesity, genetics, previous joint injury or surgery, and repetitive stress on the joint. Treatment options may include pain management (such as NSAIDs, physical therapy, and injections), lifestyle modifications (such as weight loss and exercise), and, in severe cases, surgical intervention (such as hip replacement).

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Magnetic field therapy, also known as magnet therapy, is a form of complementary and alternative medicine that uses magnets to treat various health conditions. The therapy is based on the idea that external magnetic fields can influence the body's internal magnetic fields and electromagnetic signals, which in turn can affect physiological processes and promote healing.

Proponents of magnetic field therapy claim that it can help alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, improve circulation, enhance immune function, and promote relaxation. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these claims, and the therapy remains controversial within the medical community.

Magnetic field therapy devices typically consist of magnets of various strengths and sizes that are applied to specific areas of the body, often through the use of magnetic wraps, bands, or pads. Some devices generate static magnetic fields, while others produce pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) or alternating magnetic fields (AMF).

While magnetic field therapy is generally considered safe, it can have potential risks and side effects, such as skin irritation, allergic reactions, and interference with medical devices like pacemakers. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using magnetic field therapy, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medication.

Dexamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication, which is a synthetic version of a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system in a variety of medical conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain skin conditions.

Dexamethasone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, which triggers a range of anti-inflammatory effects. These include reducing the production of chemicals that cause inflammation, suppressing the activity of immune cells, and stabilizing cell membranes.

In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, dexamethasone can also be used to treat other medical conditions, such as certain types of cancer, brain swelling, and adrenal insufficiency. It is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, liquids, creams, and injectable solutions.

Like all medications, dexamethasone can have side effects, particularly if used for long periods of time or at high doses. These may include mood changes, increased appetite, weight gain, acne, thinning skin, easy bruising, and an increased risk of infections. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking dexamethasone to minimize the risk of side effects.

Prosthesis failure is a term used to describe a situation where a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint or limb, has stopped functioning or failed to meet its intended purpose. This can be due to various reasons, including mechanical failure, infection, loosening of the device, or a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis.

Mechanical failure can occur due to wear and tear, manufacturing defects, or improper use of the prosthetic device. Infection can also lead to prosthesis failure, particularly in cases where the prosthesis is implanted inside the body. The immune system may react to the presence of the foreign material, leading to inflammation and infection.

Loosening of the prosthesis can also cause it to fail over time, as the device becomes less stable and eventually stops working properly. Additionally, some people may have a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis, leading to tissue damage or other complications that can result in prosthesis failure.

In general, prosthesis failure can lead to decreased mobility, pain, and the need for additional surgeries or treatments to correct the problem. It is important for individuals with prosthetic devices to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of prosthesis failure and ensure that the device continues to function properly over time.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.

The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.

Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.

Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to restore the integrity and function of a joint. The term is derived from two Greek words: "arthro" meaning joint, and "plasty" meaning to mold or form. There are several types of arthroplasty, but most involve resurfacing the damaged joint cartilage with artificial materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic.

The goal of arthroplasty is to relieve pain, improve mobility, and restore function in a joint that has been damaged by arthritis, injury, or other conditions. The most common types of arthroplasty are total joint replacement (TJR) and partial joint replacement (PJR).

In TJR, the surgeon removes the damaged ends of the bones in the joint and replaces them with artificial components called prostheses. These prostheses can be made of metal, plastic, or ceramic materials, and are designed to mimic the natural movement and function of the joint.

In PJR, only one side of the joint is resurfaced, typically because the damage is less extensive. This procedure is less invasive than TJR and may be recommended for younger patients who are still active or have a higher risk of complications from a full joint replacement.

Other types of arthroplasty include osteotomy, in which the surgeon cuts and reshapes the bone to realign the joint; arthrodesis, in which the surgeon fuses two bones together to create a stable joint; and resurfacing, in which the damaged cartilage is removed and replaced with a smooth, artificial surface.

Arthroplasty is typically recommended for patients who have tried other treatments, such as physical therapy, medication, or injections, but have not found relief from their symptoms. While arthroplasty can be highly effective in relieving pain and improving mobility, it is not without risks, including infection, blood clots, and implant failure. Patients should discuss the benefits and risks of arthroplasty with their healthcare provider to determine if it is the right treatment option for them.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine for bone scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled bisphosphonate compound, which accumulates in areas of increased bone turnover and metabolism. This makes it useful for detecting and evaluating various bone diseases and conditions, such as fractures, tumors, infections, and arthritis.

The "Tc 99m" refers to the radioisotope technetium-99m, which has a half-life of approximately 6 hours and emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. The medronate component is a bisphosphonate molecule that binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue, allowing the radiolabeled compound to accumulate in areas of active bone remodeling.

Overall, Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is an important tool in nuclear medicine for diagnosing and managing various musculoskeletal disorders.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

Oral surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed in the oral cavity and maxillofacial region, which includes the mouth, jaws, face, and skull. These procedures are typically performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons, who are dental specialists with extensive training in surgical procedures involving the mouth, jaws, and face.

Some common examples of oral surgical procedures include:

1. Tooth extractions: This involves removing a tooth that is damaged beyond repair or causing problems for the surrounding teeth. Wisdom tooth removal is a common type of tooth extraction.
2. Dental implant placement: This procedure involves placing a small titanium post in the jawbone to serve as a replacement root for a missing tooth. A dental crown is then attached to the implant, creating a natural-looking and functional replacement tooth.
3. Jaw surgery: Also known as orthognathic surgery, this procedure involves repositioning the jaws to correct bite problems or facial asymmetry.
4. Biopsy: This procedure involves removing a small sample of tissue from the oral cavity for laboratory analysis, often to diagnose suspicious lesions or growths.
5. Lesion removal: This procedure involves removing benign or malignant growths from the oral cavity, such as tumors or cysts.
6. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery: This procedure involves treating disorders of the TMJ, which connects the jawbone to the skull and allows for movement when eating, speaking, and yawning.
7. Facial reconstruction: This procedure involves rebuilding or reshaping the facial bones after trauma, cancer surgery, or other conditions that affect the face.

Overall, oral surgical procedures are an important part of dental and medical care, helping to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions affecting the mouth, jaws, and face.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Arthralgia is a medical term that refers to pain in the joints. It does not involve inflammation, which would be referred to as arthritis. The pain can range from mild to severe and may occur in one or multiple joints. Arthralgia can have various causes, including injuries, infections, degenerative conditions, or systemic diseases. In some cases, the underlying cause of arthralgia remains unknown. Treatment typically focuses on managing the pain and addressing the underlying condition if it can be identified.

... or DON is a form of avascular necrosis where there is death of a portion of the bone that is thought to ... Evidence does not suggest that dysbaric osteonecrosis is a significant risk in recreational scuba diving. Brubakk, Alf O; ... Coulthard, A; Pooley, J; Reed J; Walder, D (1996). "Pathophysiology of dysbaric osteonecrosis: a magnetic resonance imaging ... Wade, CE; Hayashi, EM; Cashman, TM; Beckman, EL (1978). "Incidence of dysbaric osteonecrosis in Hawaii's diving fishermen". ...
... (NICO) is a diagnosis whereby a putative jawbone cavitation causes chronic facial ... Also called Ratner's bone cavity, a neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis was first described in dental literature by G ... Gandhi, Yazad R.; Pal, U. S.; Singh, Nimisha (2012). "Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis in a patient seeking dental ... ISBN 978-0-7020-4948-4. "AAE Position Statement on NICO lesions (Neuralgia-Inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis)" (PDF). AAE ...
... (ONJ) is a severe bone disease (osteonecrosis) that affects the jaws (the maxilla and the mandible). ... "Osteonecrosis of the Jaw". Novartis. Bouquot J; Wrobleski G; Fenton S (2000). "The most common osteonecrosis? Prevalence of ... in both non-traumatic osteonecrosis and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head, a decrease in the differentiation ... Osteonecrosis can affect any bone, but the hips, knees and jaws are most often involved. Pain can often be severe, especially ...
Avascular necrosis Osteonecrosis of the jaw Dysbaric osteonecrosis "Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee". Radiopaedia.org. ... Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee is the result of vascular arterial insufficiency to the medial femoral condyle of the ... Ecker, Ml; Lotke, Pa (May 1994). "Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic ... Kattapuram, Tm; Kattapuram, Sv (July 2008). "Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee". Eur J Radiol. 67 (1): 42-8. doi:10.1016/j. ...
American Dental Association Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine "Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ ... This condition was previously known as bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BON or BRONJ) because osteonecrosis of ... a term for osteonecrosis caused by radiotherapy Phossy jaw Nase JB, Suzuki JB (August 2006). "Osteonecrosis of the jaw and oral ... Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MON, MRONJ) is progressive death of the jawbone in a person exposed to a ...
Osteonecrosis / Avascular Necrosis at the National Institute of Health Osteonecrosis / Avascular necrosis at Merck Manual for ... dysbaric osteonecrosis). Bisphosphonates are associated with osteonecrosis of the mandible (jawbone). The condition may also ... In children, avascular osteonecrosis can have several causes. It can occur in the hip as part of Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome, ... Osteonecrosis is also associated with cancer, lupus, sickle cell disease, HIV infection, Gaucher's disease, and Caisson disease ...
Osteonecrosis of the jaw • Osteoporotic bone marrow defect • Our Lady of Fatima University • Outer enamel epithelium Painless ...
Industrial injury Osteonecrosis of the jaw Radium jaw Hughes, J. P; Baron, R; Buckland, D. H; Cooke, M. A; Craig, J. D; ... Durie BG; Katz M; Crowley J (July 2005). "Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (1): 99-102, ... A related condition, medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), has been described as a side-effect of amino- ... Chustecka, Zosia (2005). "Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis". Medscape. Pollock, RA; Brown TW, Jr; Rubin, DM (September ...
Digiovanni, CW; Patel, A; Calfee, R; Nickisch, F (2007). "Osteonecrosis in the foot" (PDF). The Journal of the American Academy ...
... osteonecrosis of the mandible 2.5%; and need for a gastrostomy tube to be placed at some point during or up to one year after ...
Durie BG, Katz M, Crowley J (July 2005). "Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates". The New England Journal of Medicine. ... Serious side effects may include kidney problems, low blood calcium, and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Use during pregnancy may ... A rare complication that has been recently observed in cancer patients being treated with bisphosphonates is osteonecrosis of ... for other mineral metabolism disorders and the avoidance of invasive dental procedures for those who develop osteonecrosis of ...
Chapter 12: Osteonecrosis of the jaw. In: The Duration and Safety of Osteoporosis Treatment: Anabolic and Antiresorptive ... Oral bisphosphonate use and the prevalence of osteonecrosis of the jaw: an institutional inquiry. J Am Dent Assoc 2009;140:61- ... With respect to his main focus of clinical research into jawbone infections like osteomyelitis and osteonecrosis, his work led ... Microbial biofilms in osteomyelitis of the jaw and osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to bisphosphonate therapy. J Am Dent ...
2004). "Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: A review of 63 cases". J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 62 ... In order to evaluate the risk of osteonecrosis for a patient taking bisphosphonates, use of the CTX biomarker was introduced in ... 2007). "Oral Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteonecrosis: Risk Factors, Prediction of Risk Using Serum CTX Testing, Prevention, and ... Ruggiero, SL (2008). "Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws". Compend Contin Educ Dent. 29 (2): 97-105. PMID ...
Dysbaric osteonecrosis is considered a consequence of decompression injury rather than living under saturation conditions. ... ISBN 0-7020-2571-2. Coulthard, A.; Pooley, J.; Reed, J.; Walder, D. (1996). "Pathophysiology of dysbaric osteonecrosis: a ... The joints are most vulnerable to osteonecrosis. The connection between high-pressure exposure, decompression procedure and ... osteonecrosis is not fully understood. A breathing gas mixture of oxygen, helium and hydrogen was developed for use at extreme ...
"Questions and Answers about Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)". NIAMS. October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 August ... Ambe Avascular necrosis or Osteonecrosis Arthritis Bone spur (Osteophytes) Craniosynostosis Coffin-Lowry syndrome Copenhagen ...
"Questions and Answers about Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)". NIAMS. October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 August ...
In 2011 Wyatt announced that she was suffering from osteonecrosis in her jaw, which she believed was the result of her use of ... Molloy, Joanna (31 March 2011). "General Hospital star Sharon Wyatt faces real medical issue with osteonecrosis, bone death in ... "Ex-General Hospital's Sharon Wyatt Battles Osteonecrosis". Soaps.sheknows.com. "Sharon Wyatt battles possible disfiguring ...
Osteonecrosis of the jaws refers to the death of bone marrow in the maxilla or the mandible due to inadequate blood supply. It ... Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO) is a controversial term, and it is questioned to exist by many. ... The term NICO is used to describe pain caused by ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaws, where degenerative extracellular cystic ... Sciubba, JJ (July 2009). "Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis: a status report". Oral Diseases. 15 (5): 309-12. doi: ...
... substantial osteoporosis or osteonecrosis particularly affecting the talus; previous or current infections of the foot; ...
May 2010). "ACTH protects against glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of bone". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
Moya-Angeler J, Gianakos AL, Villa JC, Ni A, Lane JM (September 2015). "Current concepts on osteonecrosis of the femoral head ... Chandler's disease, also known as idiopathic avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ANFH or ONFH), is a rare condition in ... Grassi M, Salari P, Massetti D, Papalia GF, Gigante A (July 2020). "Treatment of avascular osteonecrosis of femoral head by ... Ikeuchi K, Hasegawa Y, Seki T, Takegami Y, Amano T, Ishiguro N (March 2015). "Epidemiology of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the ...
Kenzora, J. E.; Glimcher, M. J. (1985). "Pathogenesis of idiopathic osteonecrosis: The ubiquitous crescent sign". The ...
Dysbaric osteonecrosis, also known as aseptic bone necrosis, is generally a longer term effect on the bones and joints of ... Dysbaric osteonecrosis is ischemic bone disease thought to be caused by decompression bubbles, though the definitive pathologic ... Wade, C.E.; Hayashi, E.M.; Cashman, T.M.; Beckman, E.L. (1978). "Incidence of dysbaric osteonecrosis in Hawaii's diving ... Evidence does not suggest that dysbaric osteonecrosis is a significant risk in recreational scuba diving. Exposure to increased ...
"ACTH protects against glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of bone". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (19): 8782-7. Bibcode: ...
Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare complication which has been associated with the use of bisphosphonates, including ... Zarychanski R, Elphee E, Walton P, Johnston J (2006). "Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with pamidronate therapy". Am J ...
Ivankovich DA; Rosenberg AG; Malamis A. (2001). "Reconstructive options for osteonecrosis of the femoral head". Vol. 16. ... Ivankovich completed additional fellowship training in adult joint reconstruction, with research emphasis on osteonecrosis and ...
The hip should be reduced as quickly as possible to reduce the risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. This is done through ... Femoral head osteonecrosis happens in 5-40% of dislocations, with rates rising the longer time to reduction (>6 hours). ... Complications include osteonecrosis, femoral head fractures, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Males are affected more often ... Complications of hip dislocation that impact prognosis include post-traumatic arthritis, femoral head osteonecrosis, femoral ...
October 2007). "Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and ... Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR (May 2006). "Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws". ... A recognized risk of this drug relevant to dental treatments is bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). ...
Osteonecrosis is a condition in which lack of blood supply causes the bone to die off. It mainly presents following ... Ruggiero, Salvatore L. (2007). "Guidelines for the diagnosis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ)". ... These include periodontal disease, periapical pathology, osteonecrosis and malignancies. Periodontal disease is caused by ...
Woo S, Hellstein J, Kalmar J (2006). "Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws". Ann Intern ... Bisphosphonates, when administered intravenously for the treatment of cancer, have been associated with osteonecrosis of the ...
Dysbaric osteonecrosis or DON is a form of avascular necrosis where there is death of a portion of the bone that is thought to ... Evidence does not suggest that dysbaric osteonecrosis is a significant risk in recreational scuba diving. Brubakk, Alf O; ... Coulthard, A; Pooley, J; Reed J; Walder, D (1996). "Pathophysiology of dysbaric osteonecrosis: a magnetic resonance imaging ... Wade, CE; Hayashi, EM; Cashman, TM; Beckman, EL (1978). "Incidence of dysbaric osteonecrosis in Hawaiis diving fishermen". ...
Osteonecrosis is bone death caused by poor blood supply. It is most common in the hip and shoulder but can affect other large ... Osteonecrosis is bone death caused by poor blood supply. It is most common in the hip and shoulder but can affect other large ... Osteonecrosis can be caused by disease or by severe trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation, that affects the blood supply to ... Osteonecrosis is bone death caused by poor blood supply. It is most common in the hip and shoulder but can affect other large ...
There are 2 forms of osteonecrosis: traumatic (the most common form) and atraumatic. ... Osteonecrosis of the femoral head involves the hip joint, with osteocytes of the femoral head dying along with the bone marrow ... The main focus of this article is atraumatic osteonecrosis.. The natural history of atraumatic osteonecrosis is still not well ... The University of Pennsylvania classification of osteonecrosis. Koo KH, Mont MA, Jones LC, editors. Osteonecrosis. Heidelberg: ...
Also called osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and cause the bone to collapse. The process usually takes ... Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: An updated review of ARCO on pathogenesis, staging and treatment. Journal of Korean Medical ... Bisphosphonate use. Long-term use of medications to increase bone density might contribute to developing osteonecrosis of the ... Osteonecrosis: In depth. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. https://www.niams.nih.gov/ ...
A new study has quantified the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw for patients receiving zoledronic acid to manage complications ... The risk of zoledronic acid causing osteonecrosis of the jaw in people with cancer in their bones, the study found, is about 1 ... In addition, the study did not provide data on whether the risk of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw continues to rise after ... A Link between Poor Dental Health and Risk of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. Zoledronic acid and similar drugs, known as ...
... This article is more than five years old. Some content may no longer be current. ... Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) has been associated with a number of medicines and is a potentially debilitating condition that ... Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: an overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1218: 38-46. ... Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates-putting the risk in perspective. New Zealand Medical Journal 119: U2339. ...
Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw / drug therapy* * Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw / ... Antibiotic effects on bacterial profile in osteonecrosis of the jaw Oral Dis. 2012 Jan;18(1):85-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1601- ... Objective: Oral infection is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of ...
Osteonecrosis in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified thigh answers are found in the ICD-10-CM powered by Unbound ... M90.55 - Osteonecrosis in diseases classified elsewhere, thigh. M90.551 - Osteonecrosis in diseases classified elsewhere, right ... M90.559 - Osteonecrosis in diseases classified elsewhere, unspecified thigh. [Billable]. Theres more to see -- the rest of ... "M90.559 - Osteonecrosis in Diseases Classified Elsewhere, Unspecified Thigh." ICD-10-CM, 10th ed., Centers for Medicare and ...
Avascular Necrosis (Osteonecrosis). Avascular necrosis is a painful bone condition that gets worse over time and can affect ...
Materials and methods: Forty patients (60 hips) with stage I, II or III (ARCO system) osteonecrosis of femoral head were ... Intralesional autologous mesenchymal stem cells in management of osteonecrosis of femur: a preliminary study Musculoskelet Surg ... Background: Management of early stages of osteonecrosis aims to prevent the collapse of the femoral head by attempts at ...
Tag Archives: Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. * Zometa Side Effects Increase Risk of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Study. January 14, ... involving a rare condition known as osteonecrosis of the jaw. ...
What Is Osteonecrosis? Osteonecrosis is a bone disorder resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of the skeleton and is ... Osteonecrosis: definition. Leave a comment 2,111 Views A painful bone disorder caused by death of bone cells resulting from ...
ICD-10 code M87.171 for Osteonecrosis due to drugs, right ankle is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - ... ICD-10-CM Code for Osteonecrosis due to drugs, right ankle M87.171 ICD-10 code M87.171 for Osteonecrosis due to drugs, right ... Osteonecrosis due to drugs, right ankle M87.1. Use additional code for adverse effect, if applicable, to identify drug (T36-T50 ... Excludes1: juvenile osteonecrosis (M91-M92). osteochondropathies (M90-M93). Use additional code to identify major osseous ...
These are believed to be the first reported cases of jaw osteonecrosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. ... Survivors of COVID-19 may be at risk of developing spontaneous osteonecrosis of the jaw, according to a case series published ... "Post-COVID-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (PC-RONJ) could be now considered as one of the potential post-COVID-19 oral and ... A variant clinical picture, which may be present in patients with post-COVID-19-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. A. Image of a ...
ICD-10 code M87.221 for Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, right humerus is a medical classification as listed by WHO under ... ICD-10-CM Code for Osteonecrosis due to previous trauma, right humerus M87.221 ICD-10 code M87.221 for Osteonecrosis due to ... Excludes1: juvenile osteonecrosis (M91-M92). osteochondropathies (M90-M93). Use additional code to identify major osseous ...
... to assess the potential influence of medication-induced salivary changes on the development of medication-related osteonecrosis ... to assess the potential influence of medication-induced salivary changes on the development of medication-related osteonecrosis ... ", "osteonecrosis of the jaw", "osteonecrosis/drug therapy", "medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw", "MRONJ", "BRONJ", " ... Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). J Oral Maxillof Surg. (2022) 80:2-3. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2021.09.021 ...
Osteonecrosis AKA: Aseptic necrosis, Avascular necrosis, Ischemic necrosis. Osteonecrosis occurs when your bones lose their ... The osteo-necrosis is a horrible word - the radiation killed the blood vessels in my sacrum so the bone is dead - explains why ... You can have osteonecrosis in one or several bones.. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis makes your bones weak and more likely to break. ... Re: Osteoporosis, Osteonecrosis, and Other Degenerative Dise. by mp327 » Sun Jul 11, 2010 10:38 am ...
Symptoms of osteonecrosis of the jaw can include localized pain in the jaw and/or maxillofacial region, a feeling of numbness ... Osteonecrosis is a type of bone disease that is commonly associated with large joints like the hips, knees, ankles or shoulders ... If you believe you or a loved one has developed a case of osteonecrosis or another bone disease as a result of taking Fosamax, ... If a case of osteonecrosis of the jaw goes undetected or untreated, it can potentially lead to the death of bone tissue and ...
Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. Matthew Orton Radiology Presentation 7/20/2007. HPI. A 20 yo male with SLE reports to ER ... Osteonecrosis of the hip. Osteonecrosis of the hip. Dr. PulE. Beaule,MD.FRCSC. Salah K. Elfatori June -7- 2006. Definition and ... Osteonecrosis in the Foot. Osteonecrosis in the Foot. DiGiovanni CW, Patel A, Calfee R, Nickisch F: Journal of the American ... NATURAL HISTORY OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD Prediction Based on MRI. NATURAL HISTORY OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL ...
Interview with Dr. Winnie Liu, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, USA Dr. Winnie Liu is an adult endocrinologist and takes care of patients at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) located in Portland, Oregon. Her clinical and research interests are metabolic bone disease with a focus on OI after joining the BBDC (Brittle… ...
Welcome to the Pathology Education Informational Resource (PEIR) Digital Library, a multidisciplinary public access image database for use in medical education. ...
Two recent medical journal articles provide information about how osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) may be caused by Fosamax and ... We start with an article called Osteonecrosis of the Jaw -- Do Bisphosphonates Pose a Risk?, published in the November 30, ... John P. Bilezikian offers this on causation: If there is a relationship between bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw, ... there is increasing attention being paid to the association between the use of oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the ...
Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck ... MRONJ may occur any time or after tooth extraction Osteonecrosis of the jaw Complications after a dental procedure that include ... "Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ)" usually is "medication related," occurring primarily in people with previous or ongoing use of ... Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare and potentially debilitating condition that involves exposure of ...
Gain-of-function mutation in TRPV4 identified in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head ... Gain-of-function mutation in TRPV4 identified in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head ...
Osteonecrosis) treatment? Explore our patient resources to learn more. ...
... but less is known about their effect on risk of fractures and femoral osteonecrosis. We hypothesized that exposure to ARVs ... Risk of osteonecrosis was associated with white race, lower nadir CD4, prior osteonecrosis, prior fracture and prior AIDS ( ... In HIV infection, host factors, HIV-specific variables and co-morbidities contribute to risk of fractures and osteonecrosis. ... There was no association between the use of any of the ARVs and risk of osteonecrosis. ...
Osteonecrosis (ON), a debilitating disease frequently involving multiple joints, has been recognised in recent years as a ... Osteonecrosis (ON), a debilitating disease frequently involving multiple joints, has been recognised in recent years as a ... Osteonecrosis in Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia on Hong Kong-Singapore Acute Lymphocytic ...
Osteonecrosis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... How can doctors tell if I have osteonecrosis? Doctors may suspect osteonecrosis if you broke a bone but keep having pain after ... How do doctors treat osteonecrosis? There is no specific treatment for osteonecrosis. Doctors try to make you feel better by ... If you have osteonecrosis in your hip, for example, youll have pain down your thigh or in your buttocks. If you have ...
  • Dysbaric osteonecrosis or DON is a form of avascular necrosis where there is death of a portion of the bone that is thought to be caused by nitrogen (N2) embolism (blockage of the blood vessels by a bubble of nitrogen coming out of solution) in divers. (wikipedia.org)
  • For patient education information, see Avascular Necrosis (Aseptic Necrosis or Osteonecrosis) . (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Fat cell hypertrophy with resultant pressure increase within the femoral head, leading to vascular collapse and then necrosis, has been proposed as a mechanism for steroid-induced osteonecrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis of bone). (mayoclinic.org)
  • Osteonecrosis is a bone disorder resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of the skeleton and is characterized by resulting death of bone cells (necrosis). (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Osteonecrosis = aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, ischemic necrosis and osteochondritis dessicans. (slideserve.com)
  • Hip necrosis, also called osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis, is a painful condition in which lack of proper blood flow to the head of the femur results in osteocytes and the bone marrow dying. (mendmyhip.com)
  • You may hear osteonecrosis referred to as avascular necrosis, asceptic necrosis and ischemic necrosis. (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • Osteonecrosis is a disease characterized by a derangement of osseous circulation that leads to necrosis of osseous tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic osteonecrosis is a direct result of disruption of the blood supply to the femoral head. (medscape.com)
  • Management of early stages of osteonecrosis aims to prevent the collapse of the femoral head by attempts at restoring the vascularity of femoral head. (nih.gov)
  • Forty patients (60 hips) with stage I, II or III (ARCO system) osteonecrosis of femoral head were treated by either core decompression and isolated mononuclear cells (group A) or core decompression and unprocessed bone marrow injection (group B). The patients were followed up clinically and radiologically for a minimum of 2 years. (nih.gov)
  • It is well established that antiretrovirals (ARVs) affect markers of bone turnover, but less is known about their effect on risk of fractures and femoral osteonecrosis. (croiconference.org)
  • EuroSIDA participants were prospectively followed from baseline (Jan 2004) until last visit or death to assess fractures and femoral osteonecrosis. (croiconference.org)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine and associated with the pathogenesis of femoral head deformity in patients with ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. (nii.ac.jp)
  • If the blood supply is not steady enough to keep the femoral head healthy, osteonecrosis can set in. (mendmyhip.com)
  • Trauma to the hip joint (i.e. fracture or dislocation) can interrupt the flow of blood to the femoral head, leading to osteonecrosis. (mendmyhip.com)
  • The first is hip decompression where they drill holes in the area of the hip osteonecrosis to help relieve the pressure on the femoral head. (mendmyhip.com)
  • Cellular therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), which is gradually becoming popular, particularly for early-stage ONFH. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a progressive and refractory disease that is common in orthopedics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the knee is most commonly seen in the femoral condyle, usually on the inner side of the knee (the medial femoral condyle). (michaelswankmd.com)
  • In 2003, oral surgeons first noticed that some patients receiving bisphosphonates were developing osteonecrosis of the jaw-a condition rarely seen before then. (cancer.gov)
  • 2011. Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • 2006. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates-putting the risk in perspective. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • 2009. Bisphosphonates and time to osteonecrosis development. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • As reported previously, there is increasing attention being paid to the association between the use of oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) , the serious side effect which is commonly called jawbone death, bone decay, or jaw rot. (drug-injury.com)
  • Two recent medical journal articles provide information about how osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) may be caused by Fosamax and other bisphosphonates as well as identify some of the predisposing, or risk, factors for developing ONJ. (drug-injury.com)
  • If there is a relationship between bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw, what might explain it? (drug-injury.com)
  • The mechanism of bisphosphonates-induced osteonecrosis is unclear. (drug-injury.com)
  • In addition, the constant microtrauma from jaw movement and lack of adequate bone remodeling in the presence of bisphosphonates may contribute to the genesis of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). (drug-injury.com)
  • People who do not have cancer or who have not taken bisphosphonates or denosumab can develop osteonecrosis of the jaw, but it is extremely rare. (merckmanuals.com)
  • We report the first case of bilateral osteonecrosis of the external auditory canal associated with denosumab and bisphosphonates with successful conservative management. (bmj.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases. (unicamp.br)
  • Yarom N, Lazarovici TS, Whitefield S, Weissman T, Wasserzug O, Yahalom R. Rapid onset of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients switching from bisphosphonates to denosumab. (unicamp.br)
  • Current long-term medical therapy for HCM focuses on inhibiting bone resorption with bisphosphonates or denosumab, which have the rare complication of osteonecrosis of the jaw. (endocrine.org)
  • In one study, when asked to identify side effects of bisphosphonate therapy, only a minority of patients receiving IV or oral bisphosphonates were aware of the potential risk of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw. (rxmagazine.org)
  • Patients from across the three groups all had limited knowledge of the association between bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw, and when patients possessed some knowledge, this typically came from the patient information leaflets supplied with medication or from the internet. (rxmagazine.org)
  • This systematic review was performed to assess the potential influence of medication-induced salivary changes on the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an adverse drug reaction, described as an exposed necrotic bone or a bone that can be probed through an intraoral or extraoral fistula in the maxillofacial region, that persists for more than 8 weeks in patients without a history of radiotherapy or disease metastasis to the jaws ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare and potentially debilitating condition that involves exposure of the bone of the jaws. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Aim: This study aimed to systematically review existing literature regarding the association between dental procedures-such as tooth extractions and periodontal therapy-and occurrence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in individuals using bone-modifying drugs. (unicamp.br)
  • American association of oral and maxillofacial surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. (unicamp.br)
  • Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a specific type of ONJ caused by antiresorptive drugs. (strulloralsurgery.com)
  • Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare adverse effect of anti-resorptive or anti-angiogenic drug therapy that can cause significant morbidity. (rxmagazine.org)
  • Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw" by people in this website by year, and whether "Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Current smokers were about twice as likely to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw as former or never smokers. (cancer.gov)
  • In addition, patients who received more total doses of zoledronic acid within the first year of treatment (or longer) were more likely to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw than those who received fewer doses. (cancer.gov)
  • Survivors of COVID-19 may be at risk of developing spontaneous osteonecrosis of the jaw, according to a case series published June 14 in BMC Infectious Diseases . (drbicuspid.com)
  • Although spontaneous osteonecrosis is reported in a minority of cases, the majority of patients give a history of some prior dental or oral surgical manipulation. (drug-injury.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the knee has been divided into two separate entities: spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) and secondary osteonecrosis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] The osteonecrosis that Ahlback described now is referred to as spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK). (medscape.com)
  • The etiologies of both spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) and secondary osteonecrosis are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical presentation of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) and secondary osteonecrosis is summarized in the following table. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of osteonecrosis of the jaw can include localized pain in the jaw and/or maxillofacial region, a feeling of numbness or altered sensation, the loosening of teeth, soft tissue infections, and the exposure of bone within the oral cavity. (yourlegalguide.com)
  • In part two of this series, sub-titled 'What Patients Should Know About The Signs And Symptoms As Well As Diagnostic Staging' , we get from these same two medical journal articles some important information about the early signs and symptoms of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) as well as the extent, or staging, of ONJ upon diagnosis. (drug-injury.com)
  • What are the symptoms of osteonecrosis? (msdmanuals.com)
  • A patient suffering from hip osteonecrosis will typically exhibit one or more of the following symptoms. (mendmyhip.com)
  • Patients with early stage osteonecrosis may not have any symptoms. (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • Osteonecrosis progresses differently in each person affected by it, however the time between feeling the first symptoms of joint pain and losing joint function is usually anywhere from a few months to over a year. (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • Becoming aware of osteonecrosis of the jaw's early symptoms and signs allows for speedy intervention and, consequently, more effective treatment. (strulloralsurgery.com)
  • There are four stages of development of osteonecrosis of the knee which can be distinguished by symptoms and X-rays. (michaelswankmd.com)
  • Long-term use of medications to increase bone density might contribute to developing osteonecrosis of the jaw. (mayoclinic.org)
  • There are two surgical treatments for the early stages of osteonecrosis. (mendmyhip.com)
  • Osteonecrosis can be caused by disease or by severe trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation , that affects the blood supply to the bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • CT scan showing osteonecrosis of the lower jaw with an arrow pointing to a fracture. (cancer.gov)
  • There are approximately 10,000 to 20,000 new cases of osteonecrosis diagnosed each year in the United States, most of which occur as a result of some type of bone injury such as a fracture or dislocation. (yourlegalguide.com)
  • After adjustment, higher risk of fractures was associated with older age, white race, lower BMI, IV drug use, lower baseline CD4, HCV-coinfection, prior osteonecrosis, prior fracture, recent non-AIDS cancer and recent cardiovascular disease (last 12 months) (Figure). (croiconference.org)
  • Risk of osteonecrosis was associated with white race, lower nadir CD4, prior osteonecrosis, prior fracture and prior AIDS (Figure). (croiconference.org)
  • Osteonecrosis of the medial aspect of the talus (talus fracture 12 y ago). (ankleplatform.com)
  • Because of the serious nature of certain Fosamax side effects and the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw, Merck & Co. has already found itself the target of a number of personal injury lawsuits filed by people victimized by the bisphosphonate drug. (yourlegalguide.com)
  • As for the ONJ risk factors, Dr. Bilezikian states: 'Predisposing factors for the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw appear to be dental disease, dental surgery (e.g., tooth extraction), oral trauma, periodontitis, and poor dental hygiene. (drug-injury.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the jaw Complications after a dental procedure that include swelling and pain, dry socket, osteomyelitis, bleeding, and osteonecrosis of the jaw comprise another set of urgent dental problems that require. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Dysbaric osteonecrosis lesions are typically bilateral and usually occur at both ends of the femur and at the proximal end of the humerus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dysbaric osteonecrosis is a significant occupational hazard, occurring in 50% of commercial Japanese divers, 65% of Hawaiian diving fishermen and 16% of commercial and caisson divers in the UK. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dysbarism-related osteonecrosis: proceedings of a symposium on dysbaric osteonecrosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical manifestations of DCS include (but are not limited to) joint pain ("bends"), lytic lesions of bones (dysbaric osteonecrosis), cutaneous disorders (cutis marmorata), spinal cord and brain disorders (stroke, paralysis, paresthesias, bladder dysfunction, etc.), and cardiopulmonary disorders (shortness of breath ["chokes"]), arterial gas embolism). (cdc.gov)
  • Osteonecrosis: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. (slideserve.com)
  • Although the etiology of secondary osteonecrosis is unknown, several risk factors are associated with the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Advanced osteonecrosis can lead to osteoarthritis and permanent decreased mobility. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Osteonecrosis of the knee is commonly mistaken for osteochondritis dissecans, primary osteoarthritis, meniscal tears, bone bruises, transient osteopenia of the knee, and pes anserine bursitis. (medscape.com)
  • This is especially true of the hip joint, as osteonecrosis most commonly appears at the end of the femur (the long bone that extends from the knee to the hip joint). (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • Ahlback et al first reported on osteonecrosis of the knee in 1968. (medscape.com)
  • The knee is the second most common site for osteonecrosis, but it is affected much less often than the hip. (medscape.com)
  • The true incidence of the disease is unknown, but osteonecrosis of the knee is believed to account for approximately 10% of cases of osteonecrosis. (medscape.com)
  • The exact cause of the osteonecrosis of the knee is unknown. (michaelswankmd.com)
  • Certain conditions and treatments that are associated with osteonecrosis of the knee are obesity, sickle cell anemia, lupus, kidney transplants, and steroid therapy. (michaelswankmd.com)
  • Osteonecrosis in the knee results in sudden onset of pain inside the knee that is activated with a specific activity or minor injury. (michaelswankmd.com)
  • Osteonecrosis may also cause swelling of the knee and sensitivity to touch and pressure, and can result in limited motion due to pain and swelling. (michaelswankmd.com)
  • Though many patients recover from COVID-19, clinicians should be aware of the potential complications, including osteonecrosis in the maxillofacial region, they can experience after recovery, the authors wrote. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Between January and August 2021, 12 patients prescribed corticosteroids as treatment for COVID-19 developed spontaneous maxillary osteonecrosis. (drbicuspid.com)
  • We present a case of non-surgically managed bilateral osteonecrosis of the external auditory canal with a history of long-term medical therapy for osteoporosis. (bmj.com)
  • We investigated awareness in dental hygienists of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in patients with osteoporosis and cancer and assessed the situation in systemic history investigations to broaden the scope of the dental hygienists ' BRONJ awareness as a basis for contributing to preventing this disease . (bvsalud.org)
  • The jaws are particularly sensitive to osteonecrosis due to high bone turnover resulting from daily activity and the presence of teeth 1 . (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • The mechanism by which corticosteroids contribute to osteonecrosis also is unclear. (medscape.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. (unicamp.br)
  • Unfortunately, patients who are affected with osteonecrosis are young, usually in the third to sixth decades of life. (medscape.com)
  • Prostheses with novel bearing surfaces (ie, metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-ceramic) are being investigated, to increase the success rate for total hip replacements in patients with osteonecrosis. (medscape.com)
  • The NCI-funded study, run by the SWOG Cancer Research Network, also found that poor dental health and smoking were risk factors for developing osteonecrosis of the jaw in these patients. (cancer.gov)
  • And patients can also play a role in reducing the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw, Dr. Minasian said. (cancer.gov)
  • To assess the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw in people with cancer, the SWOG study team, which included dental specialists as well as cancer researchers, enrolled 3,491 patients who were planning to receive zoledronic acid for metastatic bone cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • After 3 years, about 2.8% of patients (90 people) had confirmed osteonecrosis of the jaw, which was defined as having an area of exposed bone in the jaw that had been present for at least 8 weeks. (cancer.gov)
  • 2011. Epidemiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients. (medsafe.govt.nz)
  • A variant clinical picture, which may be present in patients with post-COVID-19-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. (drbicuspid.com)
  • 5% of patients with SLE will develop osteonecrosis. (slideserve.com)
  • Practical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer. (unicamp.br)
  • The risk of developing an osteonecrosis associated with the regeneration / implant placement in patients with benign bone diseases is scarce, but it exists and it should not be underestimated. (uv.es)
  • Apart from the inherent difficulty of the treatment of patients with biphosphonate-associated maxillomandibular osteonecrosis, its results are unpredictable. (bvsalud.org)
  • Besides age, patients with certain systemic conditions, including diabetes and anemia, are more prone to osteonecrosis. (strulloralsurgery.com)
  • Osteonecrosis is now a commonly recognized disorder with significant morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • Osteonecrosis is a type of bone disease that is commonly associated with large joints like the hips, knees, ankles or shoulders. (yourlegalguide.com)
  • Many cases of osteonecrosis do not have a known cause, so prevention may not be possible. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This is one of the first studies to systematically evaluate dental health and the risk for developing osteonecrosis of the jaw with zoledronic acid," said Lori Minasian, M.D., deputy director of NCI's Division of Cancer Prevention , who helped facilitate the study but was not a study investigator. (cancer.gov)
  • With the increasing rate of COVID-19, the general dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons must be best prepared and positioned for the early identification and prevention of PC-RONJ (post-COVID-19-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) to avoid permanent deformity," wrote the authors, led by Yehia El-Mahallawy of Alexandria University in Egypt. (drbicuspid.com)
  • The following PICO clinical question was applied: Does the treatment with agents associated with drug osteonecrosis influence the success of regenerative and implant treatments? (uv.es)
  • Osteonecrosis in tunnel and caisson workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Oral infection is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), and antibiotic therapy has become a mainstay of BRONJ therapy. (nih.gov)
  • The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The risk of zoledronic acid causing osteonecrosis of the jaw in people with cancer in their bones, the study found, is about 1% after a year of being on the drug, 2% after 2 years, and 3% after 3 years. (cancer.gov)
  • Osteonecrosis is a disease caused by reduced blood flow to bones in the joints. (howmed.net)
  • You can have osteonecrosis in one or several bones. (howmed.net)
  • Necrotising otitis externa, cholesteatoma and malignancy were considered but with histology, microbiological and CT assessment, bilateral osteonecrosis of the external auditory canal was diagnosed. (bmj.com)
  • When osteonecrosis occurs in the shoulder joint, it is usually due to long-term treatment with steroids, a history of trauma to the shoulder, or the person has sickle cell disease or any abnormal blood clotting conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • How can doctors tell if I have osteonecrosis? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors may suspect osteonecrosis if you broke a bone but keep having pain after the bone should have healed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • How do doctors treat osteonecrosis? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors use imaging tests and other tests to diagnose osteonecrosis. (howmed.net)
  • The study results, published December 17 in JAMA Oncology , also showed that people who received the same dose of zoledronic acid more frequently had a greater risk of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw. (cancer.gov)
  • A new study provides new evidence linking the bone drug Fosamax to an increased risk of jaw bone death, involving a rare condition known as osteonecrosis of the jaw. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Fosamax users run the risk of developing a serious case of osteonecrosis of the jaw and suffering through the extreme pain associated with the death of jawbone tissue. (yourlegalguide.com)
  • Persons who had ever used didanosine, indinavir, saquinavir, lopinavir/r, or TDF had higher risk of osteonecrosis, but this association was no longer observed in models adjusted for confounders (not shown). (croiconference.org)
  • In HIV infection, host factors, HIV-specific variables and co-morbidities contribute to risk of fractures and osteonecrosis. (croiconference.org)
  • There was no association between the use of any of the ARVs and risk of osteonecrosis. (croiconference.org)
  • 2-4 An increased risk of developing osteonecrosis is associated with intravenous administration or when treatment is sustained over 3-5 years. (bmj.com)
  • In osteonecrosis, the lesion can extend to the subchondral plate and result in collapse of the necrotic segment. (medscape.com)
  • If a case of osteonecrosis of the jaw goes undetected or untreated, it can potentially lead to the death of bone tissue and irreversible joint collapse within the jaw. (yourlegalguide.com)
  • Osteonecrosis is the death of bone cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If your provider knows the cause of your osteonecrosis, part of the treatment will be aimed at the underlying condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nonsurgical treatment can often slow the progression of osteonecrosis, but most people will need surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is no specific treatment for osteonecrosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It will also help you better understand what to expect when osteonecrosis has an impact on your joints and requires medical treatment. (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • For people diagnosed with osteonecrosis, treatment and medical management of the disease may continue throughout their lifetime. (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ) can be managed effectively with proper treatment. (strulloralsurgery.com)
  • These are believed to be the first reported cases of jaw osteonecrosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. (drbicuspid.com)
  • 95%CI 6.6-7.7) and 89 incident cases of osteonecrosis (1.0;0.8-1.3). (croiconference.org)
  • In recent years, the number of cases of drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw has steadily increased due to the introduction of new immunological drugs. (oraljournal.com)
  • Also called osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and cause the bone to collapse. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Following various periods of COVID-19 disease and its management, each patient showed a mutual clinical picture and spontaneous, unprovoked maxillary osteonecrosis. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Osteonecrosis (ON), a debilitating disease frequently involving multiple joints, has been recognised in recent years as a severe complication of acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) therapy in adolescents and young adults. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Steroid-induced osteonecrosis affects multiple joints and can be seen in younger patient groups. (michaelswankmd.com)
  • If osteonecrosis is not treated, the joint deteriorates, leading to severe arthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1 Orthopaedic surgeons have found that in as many as ten percent of all people requiring hip replacement, osteonecrosis has led to their joint damage. (dallasboneandjoint.com)
  • Osteonecrosis occurs when part of the bone does not get blood flow and dies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Osteonecrosis is a condition in which death of a section of bone occurs because of lack of blood supply to it. (michaelswankmd.com)